KEY CONCEPT Cells are the Basic unit of life.

1. 3.1 Cell Theory KEY CONCEPT Cells are the Basic unit of life.

2. 3.1 Cell Theory • The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists and improvements in the microscope. • Many scientists contributed to the cell theory. 1855: All cells come from other cells M.D 1674: Improved microscopic lens Draper-Fabric Merchant 1838: 1st to note that plants are made of cells Law 1839: All living things are made of cells M.D 1665: Identified cells Scientist

3. 3.1 Cell Theory • The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists and improvements in the microscope. • Many scientists contributed to the cell theory. • More was learned about cells as microscopes improved.

4. 3.1 Cell Theory • The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists and improvements in the microscope. • Many scientists contributed to the cell theory. • More was learned about cells as microscopes improved. • The cell theory is a unifying concept of biology.

5. transmission electron microscopes (TEM) stoma Biologists’ Tools and Technology • A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object. • light microscopes (LM) • scanning electron microscopes (SEM)

6. 3.1 Cell Theory • Early studies led to the development of the cell theory. • The Cell theory has three principles. • All organisms are made of cells.

7. 3.1 Cell Theory • Early studies led to the development of the cell theory. • The Cell theory has three principles. • All organisms are made of cells. • All existing cells are produced by other living cells.

8. 3.1 Cell Theory • Early studies led to the development of the cell theory. • The Cell theory has three principles. • All organisms are made of cells. • All existing cells are produced by other living cells. • The cell is the most basic unit of life.

9. 3.1 Cell Theory • Prokaryotic (Before nucleus) cells lack a nucleus and most internal structures of eukaryotic (True nucleus) cells. All cells share certain characteristics.

10. 3.1 Cell Theory Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and most internal structures of eukaryotic cells. • All cells share certain characteristics. • Cells tend to be microscopic.

11. 3.1 Cell Theory cell membrane Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and most internal structures of eukaryotic cells. • All cells share certain characteristics. • Cells tend to be microscopic. • All cells are enclosed by a membrane.

12. 3.1 Cell Theory cell membrane cytoplasm Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and most internal structures of eukaryotic cells. • All cells share certain characteristics. • Cells tend to be microscopic. • All cells are enclosed by a membrane. • All cells are filled with cytoplasm.

13. 3.1 Cell Theory • There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.

14. 3.1 Cell Theory nucleus cell membrane • There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

15. 3.1 Cell Theory nucleus organelles cell membrane • There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. • Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.

16. 3.1 Cell Theory nucleus organelles cell membrane • There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. • Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.

17. 3.1 Cell Theory nucleus organelles cell membrane cytoplasm • There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. • Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. • Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles.

18. KEY CONCEPT Eukaryotic cells share many similarities.

19. Cells have an internal structure.

20. Cells have an internal structure. • The cytoskeleton has many functions.

21. Cells have an internal structure. • The cytoskeleton has many functions. • supports and shapes cell

22. Cells have an internal structure. • The cytoskeleton has many functions. • supports and shapes cell • helps position and transport organelles

23. Cells have an internal structure. • The cytoskeleton has many functions. • supports and shapes cell • helps position and transport organelles • provides strength

24. Cells have an internal structure. • The cytoskeleton has many functions. • supports and shapes cell • helps position and transport organelles • provides strength • assists in cell division

25. Cells have an internal structure. • The cytoskeleton has many functions. • supports and shapes cell • helps position and transport organelles • provides strength • assists in cell division • aids in cell movement

26. Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins.

27. Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. • The nucleus stores genetic information.

28. Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. • The nucleus stores genetic information. • Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. • Also produce lipids

29. Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. • The nucleus stores genetic information. • Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. • There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum.

30. Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. • The nucleus stores genetic information. • Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. • There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. • rough endoplasmic reticulum

31. Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. • The nucleus stores genetic information. • Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. • There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. • rough endoplasmic reticulum • smooth endoplasmic reticulum • Makes lipids, functions in breaking • down drugs and alcohol

32. Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. (continued)

33. Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. (continued) • Ribosomes link amino acids to form proteins.

34. Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. (continued) • Ribosomes link amino acids to form proteins. • Golgi Apparatus- process, sort & deliver proteins • Vesicles are membrane-bound sacs that hold materials until it is ready for use.

35. Other organelles have various functions.

36. Other organelles have various functions. • Mitochondria supply energy to the cell.

37. Evidence that supports endosymbiosis of Mitochondria & Plastids • mitochondria are the result of endocytosis of aerobic bacteria • chloroplasts are the result of endocytosis of photosynthetic bacteria • in both cases, large anaerobic bacteria who would not otherwise be able to exist in an aerobic environment. This arrangement became a mutually beneficial relationship for both cells (symbiotic).

38. Other organelles have various functions. • Mitochondria supply energy to the cell. • Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials.

39. Other organelles have various functions. • Mitochondria supply energy to the cell. • Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials. • Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material.

40. Other organelles have various functions. • Mitochondria supply energy to the cell. • Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials. • Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material. • Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes.

41. Other organelles have various functions. • Mitochondria supply energy to the cell. • Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials. • Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material. • Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes. • Centrioles help divide DNA.

42. Other organelles have various functions. • Mitochondria supply energy to the cell. • Used by anthropologist to trace human ancestry • Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials. • Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material. • Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes. • Centrioles help divide DNA. • Centrioles form cilia and flagella. In what ways are lysosomes, vacuoles and vesicles similar?

43. Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.

44. Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts. • A cell wall provides rigid support.

45. Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts. • A cell wall provides rigid support. • Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy. Would it be accurate to say that chloroplast makes energy for a plant cell? Explain your answer.

46. 3.3 Cell Membrane KEY CONCEPT The cell membrane is a barrier that separates a cell from the external environment.

47. 3.3 Cell Membrane • Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.

48. 3.3 Cell Membrane cell membrane • Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers. • The cell membrane has two major functions.

49. 3.3 Cell Membrane cell membrane • Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers. • The cell membrane has two major functions. • forms a boundary between inside and outside of the cell outside cell inside cell

50. 3.3 Cell Membrane cell membrane • Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers. • The cell membrane has two major functions. • forms a boundary between inside and outside of the cell • controls passage of materials outside cell inside cell