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Histology and Embryology

Histology and Embryology. Zhong jie Li （ 李仲杰） School of medicine, Zhejiang University lizhongjie@zju.edu.cn. Chapter 1 Introduction. Relationship: cell --- tissue---organ---system---human body. Key points:. I.     What’s histology? II.    Why we study it ?

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Histology and Embryology

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  1. Histology and Embryology Zhong jie Li （李仲杰） School of medicine, Zhejiang University lizhongjie@zju.edu.cn

  2. Chapter 1Introduction

  3. Relationship: cell --- tissue---organ---system---human body

  4. Key points: I.     What’s histology? II.    Why we study it ? III.   How to study it ? ---Histological methods.

  5. I. What’s histology? Histology (Greek words): /histo---tissue /logia---study of ,or knowledge of Histology means the knowledge of tissue, is a branch of Anatomy.

  6. Anatomy: ---gross anatomy ---microscopic anatomy/microanatomy Histology : a science which study the microstructure and the relationship between the structure and function of human being.

  7. Cell: smallest unit of structure and function of body Tissue: group of cell and extracellular matrix Four basic tissue: ---Epithelial tissue ---Connective tissue ---Muscular tissue ---Nervous tissue

  8. Organ: made up of tissue, have special shape, structure and function --- the cavity organ --- parenchymatous organ histology anatomy

  9. System: organs which have related function get together.

  10. What’s Embryology? Embryology is a kind of science which study the processes and the regulations of the development of human fetus. --- Preembryonic period --- Embryonic period (8 weeks before) --- Fetal period (9-38 weeks)

  11. II.  Why medical students should study Histology ?

  12. Graduate Intern (exercitation) Clinic (Medicine,Surgery,Gynecology, Pedology, etc.) Pathphysiology Pharmocology Basic medicine &Surgery Physiology Biochemistry Microbiology Immunology Pathology Parasitology Histology & Embryology Anatomy

  13. III.    How to study it • Microscopy: Light microscopy (LM) Electron microscopy (EM) • Transmission electron microscope (TEM) • Scanning electron microscope (SEM) • Staining: H&E Histochemistry Immunohistochemistry In situ hybridiztion …

  14. Relative Sizes in Histology Standard Units of Measure

  15. Light Microscopy • :The resolution of the human eye is 0.2 mm. • :The resolution of the light microscope is 0.2 um. •  :The resolution of the light microscope is 0.2 nm.

  16. Preparation of tissue for LM The most routine one is paraffin section stained with hematoxylin and eosin(H&E) The steps: a.Obtaining the specimen: fresh, small pieces tissue block( less than 5mm3) b.Fixation: fixatives: use formalin or Bouin’s to preserve structural organization c.Dehydration: use ethyl alcohol to get rid of water of tissue and cell

  17. d.Clearing: use xylene to get rid of alcohol *alcohol and xylene are embedding mediums e.Embedding: firstly, heat the paraffin, make it melt, then put tissue block into melted paraffin, allow paraffin harden, the tissue block is embedded in.

  18. f.Sectioning: use microtome to cut the tissue into 3-8um thick sections, then mounted them on glass slides

  19. g. Staining

  20. H&E --- Routine staining for LM • ---Hematoxylin: basic dye, combines with acidic components, make them appear blue colour- basophilic, i.e. cell nucleus, hyaline cartilage • ---Eosin: acidic dye, combines with basic components, make them appear pink colour- acidophilic (eosinophilic), i.e. cytoplasm • basophilic • acidophilic (eosinopilic) • neutrophilc nucleolus nucleus

  21. H&E staining

  22. TEM: transmission electron microscopy The resolution of the TEM is about 0.1-0.5nm.

  23. Basophilic granulocyte (TEM) Basophilic granulocyte (LM)

  24. SEM: scanning electron microscopy The resolution of SEM is about 5nm.

  25. Histochemistry & Cytochemistry To combine histological and cytological methods with chemical and biochemical methods and reveal the chemical composition of tissue and cell in situ.

  26. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction Localize polysaccharides, such as glycogen, in tissues and cells. PAS+ Produce an insoluble magenta complex

  27. Immnohistochemistry • To use labelled antibodies as specific reagents for localizing tissue and cell constituents (antigens) in situ • Observation:Fluorescence microscope

  28. In Situ Hybridization • A method for detection of specific RNA or DNA sequences directly in cells or tissue sections • incubate tissues with probe to detect cells expressing gene

  29. Methods of learning: ---Must think in 3 dimensions ---Structure and function ---part and whole. oblique section Horizontal section longitudinal section

  30. Structure and function Part and whole 舒张状态 收缩状态

  31. Reference books • 1. Jun min T, Ji cheng L. Textbook of Histology and Embryology. Peking University Medical Press, 2011 • 2. William k. Ovalle & Patrick C. Nahirney. Netter’s essential histology, Elsevier Health Sciences,2007 • 3. Gaetner MP, Hlatt JL. Colour Textbook of Histology. Williams & Wilkins, 1997 Course web: http:/m-learning.zju.edu.cn (2015 Histology and Embryology)

  32. The composition of final score: 1. Lecture and Lab attendence: 10 % 2. Quiz: 15% （each quiz 5%） 3. Lab test: 25% 4. Final written examination：50% Histology：35-40% Embryology：10-15% *. If you want to pass this course, final written examination score must be more than 50. Preparation of laboratory work • Have the tools ready: • Pencils (red-blue pencil) • rubber, ruler and so on

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