A cultural hearth is a source area from which new ideas radiate.

1. A cultural hearth is a source area from which new ideas radiate. Neolithic / Agricultural revolution – about 10,000 years ago people stopped hunting and gathering and began to grow food. Advances in agriculture lead to increased crop production. During the Neolithic Revolution, the majority of cities arose in areas where the population had found methods to generate an agricultural surplus. Not everyone in a given population needs grow their own crops - one farmer can produce enough crops to support more than one family. This then allows people to engage in other activities besides crop raising, animal husbandry, hunting or gathering. As a result of these other activities (specialization), new ideas develop and lead to advancements in science, astronomy, mathematics, religion, art, and political systems. These ideas then are spread to surrounding areas.

2. The white dashed line shows the extent of glacial activity. later culture hearths culture hearths The original humans spread from Africa into the Middle East. From there, into Central Asia and then north into Europe and south into India. Humans then traveled south into the islands and Australia and north into China and eastern Russia. Humans then crossed the land bridge into North America and traveled east to the New England area and South into Middle and South America.

5. What did culture hearths have in common? • Near a river • in a temperate climate • on arable land • abundance of food

6. A city seeking to revitalize an inactive central business district should take steps to plan events that will increase the number of residents and visitors within the district

7. Mesopotamia

8. Mesopotamia - Present day Iraq Mesopotamia is a region, not a country. The land between 2 rivers – the Tigris & Euphrates. The following groups lived in Mesopotamia: the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians,  Assyrians, Chaldeans, and to some degree the Hittites, Phoenicians and Persians • Achievements: • Code of Laws – Hammurabi’s Code • Writing – Cuneiform • System for calculating time and angles based on 60 – sexagesimal system

9. The job of an individual who works as part of a municipal council is to make sure that the city government is run correctly

10. Indus River Valley

11. Indus River Valley - Present day Pakistan Two major civilizations – the Harappa & Mohenjo Daro The Indus River Valley spread and merged with the Ganges River Valley in India. • Achievements: • Town planning – grid system for roads • sanitation system – covered drains • water from wells • grainaries, docks, and warehouses • uniform weights and measurements • copper, bronze, lead, and tin

12. Nile River Valley

13. Nile River Valley present day Egypt • Achievements: • mathematic advances • reliable farming with irrigation • engineering, mining, and plumbing • pyramids • medical - cures for diarrhea, burns, indigestion, cataracts, surgery, and mummification • papyrus paper and hieroglyphics

14. The Hoyt sector model, developed in 1939, proposed that a city should expand outward along major lines of transportation, such as railroads. The railroads would then carry in residents who worked in the city’s core to their jobs during the day and back out to their homes at night Yellow River Civilization

15. Yellow River Civilization - present day China Shang Dynasty • Achievements: • wheel barrow, horse harness, row cultivation, and plow • water chain pump (water goes up) • metal casting • Su Song’s mechanical clock – water-driven astronomical clock • crossbow, rudder, gas lamp, block printing, abacus, paper, porcelain, silk, kites, playing cards

16. Other things that have spread between cultures: • Disease • Language • Food • Religion • Ideas • Inventions • culture

17. Urban Areas

18. •Urban – having something to do with cities. People make a living in ways other than farming. •Urban areas grouped by population or economic activities Urban Areas •Cities are defined differently in different areas of the world. •Suburbs – areas around a city – large central city •Metropolitan Area – land of a central city and all of its suburbs. When a large city experiences a sudden spike in internal immigration, new residents of the city are likely to be individuals from rural areas and smaller cities, especially those that surround the large city Kinds of Urban Areas Urban Functions (Eco. Activities) •Manufacturing

19. •Government – national, state, provincial capitals. •Transportation •Trade/office – generally will be located in a central area. •Other functions are as recreation, education, and religious centers Green building is a form of gentrification because it causes the value of the environmentally friendly property, as well as other properties in the neighborhood, to increase. The increase in value defines the effect of the construction or restoration as gentrification History of Cities •Started about 6,000 years ago. •First cities: - Mesopotamia (SW Asia)

20. along the Tigris/Euphrates Rivers - 4,000 BCE •Specialization started to develop: - artisans - merchants - farmers - ruling elite (military or religious leaders) Sketch a map •Running the cities – (usually the ruling elite) - wrote the laws - levied taxes - supervised public building •Rome – center of Roman Empire, built all over Europe, roads still used today Earliest Great City In Europe’s Industrial Revolution, peasants who had been subjected to a life of economic servitude chose to abandon agricultural work in favor of factory work

21. - developed the grid system to lay out their cities (later spread all over Europe) - brought water from the mountains by aqueducts •Fall of the Roman Empire and invasion of Germanic tribes In the earliest cities, growth and increasingly complex political organization appear to be linked to established, powerful family networks and complex kinship structures

22. •Villages and cities started to increase again after the Dark Ages •Trade between the villages would develop into large cities. Two of the largest cities would be Paris and London. Middle Ages •Next large growth of cites – started in Europe and would spread to N. America in the late 1700s. Machines begin to do work of humans Overcrowding in urban areas is a common occurrence when the rate of incoming migrants exceeds the ability of builders and city officials to create available housing Industrial Revolution Immigration & 2nd Agricultural Revolution •Helped spread urbanization in the 20th c. •Dramatically increased the size of cities in North America. Urban Environment •Shaped by human activities - cities have to deal with problems and increasing population

23. Urban Landscape •Site and situation -influence whether people will settle in certain area - 2 factors influence this: Site -actual physical features (landforms, waterways, climate, etc.). A large number of the earliest cities used their status as religious centers to draw crowds of pilgrims, and their donations, to sacred sites and regular rituals Exactlocation Relative location Situation -position of a place in relation to all places around it.

24. These are characteristics of Site. What factors do we need for a city? •Water (fresh) •Abundant food source •Fertile land •Good climate •Natural protection These are characteristics of Situation Confluence •Near a trade center •River – for transportation •Located near natural resources The sale of agricultural harvests was one of the few steady sources of income for those who lived in the city or near its borders. The sale of agricultural harvests came to be seen as a source of income by political leaders as well through taxes

25. •A city’s good situation guarantees its influence over the area •A central business district (CBD) has areas around it that supply it with raw materials and farm products – called the HINTERLAND. •The hinterland gets its manufactured products and services from the city. Hinterland CBD Burgess Model Impact of Urban Development •People change the natural landscape to build the city.- animal/plant habitats are destroyed - arable land being used for development

26. Rural-urban migration is primarily linked to raising agricultural crops. Agriculture is a seasonal activity that allows rural residents to leave for periods of time when their land must lie fallow or the harvest is over • Cultures create institutions – organizations centered in cities to make social roles clear and to take care of social needs. • Schools – teach values of society and prepare for adulthood • Government – protect from outsiders, promote social cooperation, and regulate behavior • Religious centers – teach values of society and guide proper behavior

27. •urban areas are warmer than rural areas. •Cities are “URBAN HEAT ISLANDS” (can be up to 3º warmer) •Buildings change wind patterns. Urban Climate Air pollution, as well as other forms of pollution, is a health risk to urban residents

28. Upper Class – earns or inherits wealth and owns a large share of the property in the society. They lead a luxurious lifestyle and often serve in leadership roles in the society. • Middle Class – This is the intermediate group of educated and mostly successful people – managers, professionals, shop keepers, and small business owners. • Working Class – composed of manual workers who work in factories, mining, and transportation, or who work as independent craftsmen • Peasants – these are the farm workers or owners of small farms mainly engaged in subsistence agriculture. Little education and limited experience of the world outside the village. • Lower Class – often uneducated and unskilled. They take the least desirable and worst-paying jobs. Social structure

29. •Common urban problems: unemployment, providing services, racial/religious conflict, environmental pollution, decline of the CBD Urban Life • •48% of the world’s people live in urban areas. • •Developed countries – 75%. • Developing countries – 35% live in cities. Last 20 years in developing countries - rapid population growth. By 2025 – 60% of the world’s population will live in cities. All but one of the largest cities in the world will be in developing countries. • The defining feature of a global city is its role as an international business center. The process of gentrification frequently displaces minority populations with low incomes in global cities. Global cities usually see low-income minority populations move between neighborhoods in an effort to remain where housing and commercial space are priced affordably World Patterns of Urban Development

32. When a city draws residents out to suburbs through suburbanization, residential areas within the city tend to become less cohesive and united. This causes cities to become more disorganized and leads to decentralization and urban sprawl • Non-Renewable energy – fossil fuels • Coal, natural gas, petroleum • Fossil fuels also used for petrochemical products • Supplies of fossil fuels is a key factor for a country’s economic success. • Unfortunately as fossil fuels are burned they release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which is a contributing factor to global climate change.

33. Renewable Energy • Water power – hydroelectric – power derived from running water (dams) over 10% of US energy • Wind power – wind turbines (modern windmill) create electricity. However takes many and large spaces to produce sufficient amounts. • Geothermal power – heat from Earth’s interior. Plants are built where volcanoes and hot springs are plentiful. • Solar power – energy from the sun. Special solar panels can absorb solar energy and convert it to electricity. However, panels are still expensive so the use of solar power is usually limited to upper class. • The rank-size rule holds that the nth largest city of a country will be 1/nth the size of the largest city. Many countries contain cities that are not much smaller than the largest city. The size of the smaller cities violates the premise of the rank-size rule

34. Tokyo – Yokohama: population 32,450,000 largest urban area in the world. Tokyo is home to Mitsubishi, Fuji, Nissan, and Tokyo Electron Limited. 1 Tokyo, Japan

35. 2 Seoul - 20,550,000 people –very high population density. Home to LG Group, Samsung, Kia, and Hyudai Seoul, South Korea

36. 20,450,000 million largest in Latin America. Pemex (petroleum) and tourism are major industries 3 Mexico City, Mexico

37. 4 New York City – USA’s largest city – 19,750,000 people. Major publishing, textile, insurance, real estate, retail, media, chemical, securities, and financial centers make home here New York City, USA

38. Mumbai, India 5 Mumbai – 19,200,00 people – India’s largest city Mahim Bay is a tourist destination but others live in poverty. Home to major tech support centers, financial services, banking, textile, and Hindi language film industries.

39. Jakarta, Indonesia 6 Jakarta, Indonesia – people. The poor live on floating houses and houses on stilts. Home to insurance, government, textiles, and oil and gas industries.

40. 7 10.6 million – largest in Soouth America – favela (slums) population – 612,000. Home to petrochemical, tourism, telecommunications, food & beverage, and auto making companies Sao Paulo

41. 8 Delhi, India – India’s second largest city – population is18,680,000 India has 1/6th of the world’s people. Major information, petrochemical, textile, and pharmaceutical industries. Delhi, India

42. 9 Õsaka/Kobe, Japan was once the capital. Now it is an industrial giant population is 17,350,000. Japan is very densely populated. Home to financial services, Hitachi, publishing, and many other electronic companies. Osaka/Kobe, Japan

43. 10 Shanghai, China is China’s largest city located on the Yangtze River – population 16,650,000. Major manufacturing area specializing in electronics and information products, ship building, chemicals, automobile manufacturing, petrochemicals, and publishing.

44. Christaller’s central place theory explains that settlements will form in a triangular/hexagonal lattice, with the geometric shapes forming market areas. Central place theory focuses on the mapping of market areas and the patterns through which people consume goods and services. Christaller’s central place theory requires that cities be understood in relation to the markets that they serve. These are illustrated in diagrams as lattices that surround the cities.