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5.7- Air Pollution

5.7- Air Pollution. Katie Page IB ESS Year 2 October 2 nd , 2014. Assessment Statements. 5.7.1. State the source and outline the effect of troposphere ozone 5.7.2. Outline the formation of photochemical smog

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5.7- Air Pollution

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  1. 5.7- Air Pollution Katie Page IB ESS Year 2 October 2nd, 2014

  2. Assessment Statements 5.7.1. State the source and outline the effect of troposphere ozone 5.7.2. Outline the formation of photochemical smog 5.7.3 Describe and evaluate pollution management strategies for urban air pollution.

  3. Statistics The US is responsible for 30.3% of the world’s gas emissions 33% of Chinese people live in such polluted cities that it is the equivalent of smoking 2 packs of cigarettes a day In Asia, the pollution and smog is so thick that on some nights, you can’t see the stars Teachers in Mexico City have reported that, when their kids draw the sky, they don’t draw it as blue.

  4. Causes Smokestacks of factories and power plants Motor vehicles Chemicals, fires, and volcanoes Fumes from hairspray, paint spray, and nuclear weapons

  5. Source and impact of troposphere ozone • In the troposphere, the lower atmosphere, ozone is considered a pollutant • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Organic chemical compounds able to evaporate into gases and take part in photochemical reactions • The main sources of VOCs and nitrogen oxides: • Road transport • Solvent release from drying paint • Glues or inks • Petrol handling and distribution

  6. Impacts on Humans According to the UN, air pollution is the cause of 1 in 8 global deaths In 2012, air pollution caused the death of around 7 million people world wide Effects on children Range of effects

  7. Impacts on forests and crops Ozone concentrations are lower in major urban areas Ground ozone affects plant photosynthesis Crop exposure to ozone levels above a 40 ppb tends to affect extensive areas of arable farming

  8. The formation of photochemical smog Photochemical smog: Refers to the poor air quality caused by a mixture of nitrogen and VOCs Persists for many days Differences between Mediterranean and Monsoon

  9. Summer Smog Occurs on calm, sunny days Formed when nitrogen oxides and VOCs react in sunlight Ozone pollution is greater outside the city center

  10. Winter Smog • Associated with temperature inversions and high levels of sulfur and other pollutants • Under cold conditions, cars operate less efficiently • Urban areas surrounded by high ground are especially at risk • Air sinks in from the surrounding hills

  11. Trends Ground levels of ozone had rise substantially Preindustrial was 10- 15 ppb Current annual mean is 30 ppb in the UK Different factors can impact the ground levels

  12. Effects of smog • Effects are immediate • Decreased UV radiation • Effects can range from: • Minor- Joint pain, eye irritation • Major- Lung Cancer

  13. Air Pollution in Bangladesh • Ranked 4th worst country with urban air pollution • Main causes: • Vehicles • Industries • Air Quality Management Project works under the Department of Environment • Has yet to implement a National Air Quality Standard • Banned buses more than 20 years old in Dhaka, failed to implement

  14. Case Study: Mexico City • The average visibility has decreased from 1000 km in the 1940s to 1.5 km in the 2000s • Benefits of reducing ozone by 10% • Main programmes used to combat air pollution: • Reduce the use of private vehicles • Control of vehicle conditions • Change of fuels • Reduction of lead and sulfur in fuels • Implementation of catalytic converters

  15. Governmental approaches • Air pollution may change with administrations • The United States • The EPA has set national air quality standards • China • Banned cars, closed factories, relocated steel work

  16. Activity Research methods used by governments to reduce air pollution and create your own five step plan.

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