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TRANSITIVITY. PRESENTATION BASED ON GEROT & WIGNELL; BLOOR & BLOOR. TRANSITIVITY. The system or resource for construing experiential meaning , i . e. meaning about the world outside and inside the speaker.
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TRANSITIVITY PRESENTATION BASED ON GEROT & WIGNELL; BLOOR & BLOOR
TRANSITIVITY The system or resource for construing experiential meaning, i. e. meaning about the world outside and inside the speaker. It is the resource for construing (= interpreting and expressing) events, happenings, goings-on, mental states, sayings, behaviours and relations of different kinds.
RELA- TION-AL (being and having) CARRIER & ATTRIBUTE ATTRI- BUTIVE She is famous. She is a scientist. She has blue eyes. • Presence of “be” or verbs comparable in meaning. • -No substitution by any verb • -S Present as unmarked tense in Present. IDENTIFY- ING She is the leader. The Aconca-gua is the highest beak in America. TOKEN & VALUE
RELA- TIONAL (being and having) Identify-ing an entity by reference to some other entity. Mean-ings of symbolization. TOKEN & VALUE INTEN- SIVE America is the beacon of democracy. The Aconcagua is the highest peak in America • Presence of definite NGp. • - substitu-tion by ‘represent’ • -Reversi- bility POSSES- SIVE This is Neil’s. This belongs to Neil. The time of the meeting is Friday. The cause for his illness is stress. CIRCUMS-TANTIAL
PARTICIPANTS IN MENTAL PROCESSES Token: The concrete entity that embodies/ represents/ symbolizes a value (Susan is the kindest salesperson in the shop; He is the leader). Value: A more abstract entity that can be perceived only if represented by a more concrete entity (Susan is the kindest salesperson in the shop; He is the leader).
CRITERIA FOR IDENTIFYING VALUE AND TOKEN More concrete entity “America” in “America is the beacon of democracy” Abstract notion, value “the beacon of democracy” in same clause Subject in a clause with the verb “represent” “America represents the beacon of democracy” Complement in clause with “represent” See “the beacon of democracy” in other box
MEN-TAL (percep-tions, cogni-tions, affection - inner world – non-observ-able) Senser Phenomenon Macro- phenomenon (act-Perception) Metapheno- menon (fact- emotion) Perception He saw a bird. I saw him cross/cross-ing the street. -No substitution by any verb -S Present as unmarked tense in Present -Bidirectionality -Capacity to project Cognition He knows all the answers. He believes that you are to blame. Affection Meta -phenomenon (idea -cognition) I like/fear him. He pleases/ scares me.
PARTICIPANTS IN MENTAL PROCESSES • Senser: an entity endowed with higher or lower consciousness, like a human being and, for some processes, an animal. It can be Subject (I like fruit) or Complement (Fruit appeals to/pleases me); • Phenomenon: a thing (person, object, place, etc.) that can be perceived, known or that can be the object of an emotion of some kind. It is a participant in the mental clause and it is always a Ngp (He saw the animal; he knew the animal; He loves animals); • Macro-phenomenon: an event or happening or doing in the material world that can be perceived; only used with processes of perception. It is an embedded clause that is a participant in the mental clause (he saw [[him help the old lady/him helping the old lady]]; he heard [[him shout his name/him shouting his name]]).
PARTICIPANTS IN MENTAL PROCESSES • Meta-phenomenon:fact: an abstract, non-material, semiotic entity that pre-exists the emotions it triggers; only used with processes of emotion and an embedded participant element in the clause. I regretted (the fact) [[that I had not had the courage to speak to her]]. I liked (the fact) [[that she was black]]. [[That she was so young]] surprised me. • Meta-phenomenon: idea: abstract but not pre-existing the process; rather brought into existence by it. Not really a participant in the clause but a separate clause: I understood // that it was futile. I knew // that it was of no use.
VERBAL (SAYING) Sayer Verbiage Receiver Locution: Quoting He told (us) a lie/a story. • -Presence of receiver • -No substitution by do • S. Present as unmarked tense in Pr. • -projection “I’m tired” he said He said (to me) he was tired. Locution: Reporting Locution
PARTICIPANTS IN VERBAL PROCESSES • Sayer: The person or thing (dictionary, sign, article, newspaper, etc.) that says sth. • Receiver: the addressee; the person to whom sth is said • Verbiage: the content of what is said, always expressed by a Ngp Processes of saying or verbal processes can project another clause that expresses the content of what was said (locution). It can project it verbatim (quotation) or parapharse it in line with the here and now of the speaker (report). The “locution” IS NOT a Participant in the verbal clause but a separate clause projected by it
EXISTENTIAL (EXIST-ENCE) Existent Existential There are different species of whales. On the sofa was a cat • -No substitution by do • S. Present as unmarked tense in Pr. • -presence of the unstressed There in S position. Existential (+ some other meaning) Through the window, there came the sounds of Sydney.
PARTICIPANTS IN VERBAL PROCESSES Existent: it is the participant that the process introduces as existing, as having existence. For some, the non-stressed “there” has no experiential role in the clause. It is just a dummy Subject, a place-holder for Subject. For others, it encodes the process together with “be”. When the clause starts with a Circumsatance it can be omitted. It can be marked together with the verb “be”
BEHA-VIOUR-AL (physiological, mental and para-verbal beha-viour) BEHAVER (behaviour) Range, Matter, Target Physiolo-gical • -No substitution by do • S. Present as unmarked tense in Pr. • -no projection he slept soundly. He snored. He breathed. (para) Verbal He babbled/ granted/ sang a song. He cried/laughed/giggled. They talked . Mental Behaviour He pondered /meditated over the matter. He watched TV. He listened to the news
PARTICIPANTS IN BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES • Behaver: person or animal having the behaviour, usually endowed with consciousness. Most behavioural processes ONLY have a single participant, and that’s the Behaver. • Behaviour: found in very few cases in which the behaviour usually repeats the behavioural process with some added attribute (he breathed a deep breath; he dreamt a strange dream) • Range: in very few cases in which the process takes a second participant that is not a behaviour and that is different in nature from the process itself: he watched a movie; they observed the stranger; they discussed/debated the problem.
PARTICIPANTS IN BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES • Matter: used with verbal behavioural and mental behavioural processes (They talked about the problem; They reflected/pondered over the problem). • Target: used with verbal behavioural processes expressing insult, offence, criticism (They criticized his manners. He insulted him.) Both “his manners” and “him” in these sentences are the Target of the insult or the criticism.
BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES: A TRANSITION CATEGORY Behavioural processes are said to be located between material processes, on the one hand, and mental or verbal processes, on the other. This is particularly true of the verbal behavioural and the mental behavioural processes. They are not properly verbal or mental because THEY CANNOT PROJECT and, in the case of mental ones, because THEY INVOLVE VOLITION. So they are more “saying” and “thinking” or “perceiving” as BEHAVIOUR.
BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES: A TRANSITION CATEGORY Their transitional character can be perceived in the following examples: He said that he was ill He thought that he was ill are properly verbal and mental because they can project (a locution and an idea respectively). He talked about his illness He reflected on/over his illness are not properly verbal or mental because there is no saying in the first one and no idea being brought into existence in the second one. They are saying and thinking as behaviour.
