Chapter 15 Part 2

1. Chapter 15Part 2 Wars of Religion

2. France • By late 15th Century: • Galician Church • Royal Council • End to serfdom • Cash rents replaced Feudal obligations = decrease in buying power of the Nobility

3. France • New land was cultivated • Divided among sons = many very small landholdings • Nobility of the Robe had real power • Baillis: had fiscal authority • Senechals: had judicial authority

4. Francis I 1515-1545 • All of France under the jurisdiction of Royal Court Laws • Made French the official language = centralizing effect • Taille: New tax on land • Supported monarchy and army • BUT small tax base …nobles not taxed …Sword OR Robe

5. Francis I needed more $ • For Hapsburg-Valois Wars and to patronize the arts • So…Francis I • Increased Taxes • Increased Borrowing • Sold Public Offices (hereditary)… one trick pony • =More Nobility of the Robe not paying taxes • Concordat of Bologna = revenue for the state

6. Church abuses continued • Promotions based on service to the state…not to parishioners • No incentive for clergy to meet intellectual or moral standards • Enter Luther, Calvin

7. Calvin’s Institutes • Published in French • Printing Press = wide influence • Converts: all classes: reform-minded clergy, middle class, artisans and peasants • But Nobility disproportionately • Nobles divided between monarchists (royalists) and antimonarchists

8. Increase in # of Protestants despite: • Government bans • University condemnations • Burnings (alive) • Cutting out of tongues for preaching Calvinism

9. By 1559 • 40 + well-organized Calvinist Churches • 1/10 of population in France was Huguenot • Most in urban areas • Belief that a country could not survive if divided by religion: so other religions considered enemies of the state • Religious differences motivated ordinary people to participate in war

10. 16th and 17th Century Wars were Different • Much bigger armies • More expensive • Gunpowder and Canon • Even Peasants could kill gentlemen • War was no longer ennobling • Propaganda from the pulpit and the printing press

11. Religious wars in France • Catholics will continue to try to reconvert • Protestants will continue to try to destroy the Catholic Church • Henry II (1545-1559) • Married Catherine de Medici • Was a decent king BUT no consistent religious policy • Used marriages to heal conflicts

12. Henry II • Daughter Elizabeth to marry Philip II to satisfy the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (ended the Hapsburg-Valois War) • Daughter Margaret to marry Henry of Navarre (a Huguenot) Hoping to end religious strife in France

13. http://www.edstephan.org/Rulers/valois.html

14. Henry’s Death • June 30, 1559 Henry was celebrating the wedding by proxy of his daughter, Elizabeth to Philip II • Arranged a 3-Day Tournament. • Henry had been warned by court astronomer-physician (Nostradamus) not to engage in jousts or in single combat

15. The Quatrain • The Lion shall overcome the old • On the field of war in a single combat • He will pierce his eyes in a cage of gold • This is the first of two lappings, then he dies a cruel death

16. Henry insisted • He engaged in a joust with Comte de Montgomery (Captain of the Scottish Guard) • Henry II was mortally wounded • Montgomery was a bit younger than Henry II • Both had Lions on their shields • Montgomery’s wooden lance pierced the king’s headgear

17. The Death of Henry II • The lance fragmented • One piece pierced Henry’s eye and penetrated his temple • Then Henry appeared about to fall but did not • He dismounted, lost consciousness and regained it and ascended the steps to his chamber

18. Henry II lingered for 10 days • Catherine had 4 convicts wounded in a like manner • Had Montgomery killed • Nostradamus feared for his life Henry’s first son Francis II died in 1560 Henry’s second son Charles IX died in 1574 (TB) Henry’s third son, Henry III…debauchery!

19. http://www.edstephan.org/Rulers/valois.html

20. Catherine de Medici ruled through her sons • The night before Margaret’s wedding to Henry of Navarre • The marriage was to heal religious conflict • Many Huguenots were in attendance • Then Henry of Guise (leading Catholic) had the leading Huguenot (Admiral de Coligny) attacked!

21. All Hell broke loose! • Catherine de Medici ordered the Huguenots killed in the • St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • August 24- October 3: 12,000 Huguenots were massacred

22. Led to The War of the Three Henrys • 15 year war • Henry of Navarre (Huguenot) • Henry of Guise (leading Catholic) • Henry III (king) but respected by no one

23. Catherine died • Henry III summoned Henry of Guise to court and had him killed • Then Henry III was killed • Henry of Navarre was left • “He knew how to fight, how to make love, and how to drink.”

24. Married Margaret and Converted • “Paris is worth a mass.” • Was a politique • 1598 issued The Edict of Nantes: Allowed Huguenots freedom of worship and the right to have fortified cities • Restored peace

25. Henry IV • Began Bourbon Dynasty and tried to keep peace • Worked closely with his minister Sully • Will build roads, canals, bridges, tree-lined highways to encourage merchants to come to France • Added the Grand Gallery to the Louvre to promote the arts • Many artists of all classes lived and worked in the Louvre’s lower floor • Continued until Napoleon ended it

26. The Long 16th Century • Population way up • Middle class conformity Bourgeoisie • Henry IV was killed in his carriage by a deranged monk • Said, “ God willing every working man in my kingdom will have a chicken in every pot every Sunday at the very least.”

27. Walloons • Protestants in Southern Belgium • Spoke a dialect of French • Radically different than Flemish • Into mining and heavy industry • Migrated to Calais • Then Calais fell to French • French brought the Inquisition • Walloons fled to Netherlands, England, Ireland