The Blood: Maintaining Homeostasis and Function

1. Chapter 13The Blood

2. Key Terms agglutination erythrocyte lymphocyte albumin fibrin megakaryocyte anemia hematocrit monocyte antigen hematopoietic neutrophil antiserum hemoglobin plasma basophil hemolysis platelet (thrombocyte) centrifuge hemorrhage serum coagulation hemostasis thrombin cryoprecipitate leukemia thrombocytopenia eosinophil leukocyte transfusion

3. Blood • Important in maintaining homeostasis • Classified as a connective tissue • Accounts for 8% of total body weight

4. Functions of the Blood

5. Blood Constituents (cont.) • Plasma • Liquid portion • Formed elements • Cellular portion

6. Blood Constituents (cont.) Figure 13-1 Composition of whole blood.

7. Figure 13-2 Blood cells as viewed under the microscope. Blood Constituents (cont.) Which cells are the most numerous in the blood?

8. Blood Constituents (cont.) Blood Plasma • Plasma is 55% of blood. • Components • Water • Protein • Albumin • Clotting factors • Antibodies • Complement

9. Blood Constituents (cont.) Formed Elements • Produced in red bone marrow from hematopoietic cells • Erythrocytes • Leukocytes • Neutrophils • Eosinophils • Basophils • Lymphocytes • Monocytes • Platelets

10. Blood Constituents (cont.) Erythrocytes • Red blood cells (RBCs)—most numerous • Biconcave shape • Mature cells anuclear • Contain hemoglobin • Binds to oxygen for transport • Carries hydrogen ions for buffering • Carries carbon dioxide for elimination

11. Figure 13-3 Red blood cells as seen under a scanning electron microscope. Blood Constituents (cont.) Why are these cells described as biconcave?

12. Blood Constituents (cont.) Leukocytes • White blood cells (WBCs)—colorless, round, with prominent nuclei • Granulocytes • Neutrophils (polymorphs) • Eosinophils • Basophils • Agranulocytes • Lymphocytes • Monocytes • Clear body of foreign material, cellular debris, pathogens

13. Figure 13-4 Stages in neutrophil development. Blood Constituents (cont.)

14. Figure 13-5 Phagocytosis. Blood Constituents (cont.)

15. Blood Constituents (cont.) Platelets (Thrombocytes) • Smallest formed element • Not cells—no nuclei or DNA • Fragments release from megakaryocytes • Essential for blood coagulation (clotting)

16. Figure 13-6 Platelets (thrombocytes). Blood Constituents (cont.)

17. Hemostasis and Coagulation (cont.) • Prevents blood loss when blood vessel ruptures • Events include: • Contraction of smooth muscle in the damaged blood vessel wall • Formation of a platelet plug • Formation of a blood clot • Formation of prothrombinase • Conversion of prothrombin into thrombin (by prothrombinase) • Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin (via thrombin)

18. Figure 13-7 Blood clotting (coagulation). Hemostasis and Coagulation (cont.) What part of the word prothrombinase indicates that it is an enzyme? What part of the word prothrombin indicates that it is a precursor?

19. Blood Types (cont.) • Blood types must be compatible for blood transfusion from donor to patient. • Proteins (antigens or agglutinogens) on red cells cause incompatibility. • A and B antigens • Rh factor

20. Blood Types (cont.) The ABO Blood Type Group

21. Figure 13-8 Blood typing. Blood Types (cont.) Can you tell from these reactions whether these cells are Rh-positive or Rh-negative?

22. Blood Types (cont.) ABO Blood Type Compatibility • Safest transfusion is with same blood type. • Type O blood can be given to any ABO type. • Type AB blood can receive any ABO type.

23. Blood Types (cont.) Rh Factor • Red cell antigen group Rh (D antigen) • Rh-positive blood has antigen. • Rh-negative blood lacks antigen. • Rh incompatibility can lead to hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN).

24. Figure 13-9 Rh incompatibility. Blood Types (cont.)

25. Use of Blood and Blood Components (cont.) • Blood stored in blood banks up to 35 days • Anticlotting solution added • Expiration date added • Blood donated before elective surgery (autologous blood)

26. Use of Blood and Blood Components (cont.) Whole-Blood Transfusions • Used for loss of large volume of blood • Massive hemorrhage from serious injuries • During internal bleeding • During or after an operation • Blood replacement in treatment of HDN

27. Use of Blood and Blood Components (cont.) Blood Components • Centrifuge separates plasma from formed elements. • Hemapheresis—keeps desired elements and returns remainder to donor. • Plasmapheresis—keeps plasma and returns formed elements to donor.

28. Use of Blood and Blood Components (cont.) Use of Plasma • Replace blood volume • Treat circulatory failure (shock) • Treat plasma protein deficiency • Replace clotting factors • Provide needed antibodies

29. Blood Disorders (cont.) • Blood abnormalities • Anemia (low level of hemoglobin or red cells) • Leukemia (increase in white cells) • Clotting disorders (abnormal tendency to bleed)

30. Blood Disorders (cont.) Anemia • Excessive loss or destruction of red cells • Hemorrhagic anemia • Hemolytic anemia • Sickle cell anemia • Impaired production of red cells or hemoglobin • Nutritional anemia • Pernicious anemia • Thalassemia • Bone marrow suppression

31. Figure 13-10 A blood smear in sickle cell anemia. Blood Disorders (cont.)

32. Blood Disorders (cont.) Leukemia • Characterized by enormous increase in white cells • Myelogenous leukemia from bone marrow • Lymphocytic leukemia from lymphoid tissue • Bone marrow transplants sometimes successful in restoring blood-producing stem cells lost after leukemia treatment

33. Figure 13-11 Leukemia. Blood Disorders (cont.)

34. Blood Disorders (cont.) Clotting Disorders • Abnormal bleeding through disruption of coagulation process • Hemophilia • von Willebrand disease • Thrombocytopenia • Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

35. Blood Studies (cont.) • Some blood tests are a standard part of a routine physical examination. • Machines can perform several tests simultaneously.

36. Blood Studies (cont.) Hematocrit • mL of red cells per 100 mL of whole blood • Performed in centrifuge • Adult range for men: 42% to 54% • Adult range women: 36% to 46%

37. Figure 13-12 Hematocrit. Blood Studies (cont.)

38. Blood Studies (cont.) Hemoglobin Tests • g of hemoglobin per 100 mL of whole blood • Performed by electrophoresis • Adult range for men: 14 to 17 g/dL • Adult range for women: 12 to 15 g/dL

39. Blood Studies (cont.) Blood Cell Counts • Red cell counts • Range: 4.5 to 5.5 million cells per microliter (mcL) • White cell counts • Range: 5,000 to 10,000 cells per microliter (mcL) • Platelet counts • Range: 150,000 to 450,000 per microliter (mcL)

40. Blood Studies (cont.) Blood Slide (Smear) • Complete blood count (CBC) performed on stained blood smear • Red cells examined • Platelets examined • Parasites may be found • Differential white count performed

41. Blood Studies (cont.) Blood Chemistry Tests • Electrolytes • Blood glucose • Nitrogenous waste products (creatine) • Enzymes • Lipids • Plasma proteins • Hormones • Vitamins • Antibodies • Drug levels

42. Blood Studies (cont.) Coagulation Studies • Performed before surgery and during treatment of certain diseases • Amounts of clotting factors • Bleeding time • Clotting time • Capillary strength • Platelet function

43. Blood Studies (cont.) Bone Marrow Biopsy • Sample of red marrow through needle from sternum, sacrum, or iliac crest • Used in diagnosing bone marrow disorders • Leukemia • Some types of anemia

44. Case Study (cont.) • All of the blood’s formed elements are produced in the red bone marrow. • Continuous cell replacement is essential to life. • Eleanor, losing the protective functions of the blood cells due to her bone marrow damage, exhibited the following symptoms: • Pallor and fatigue due to low red cells and hemoglobin • Hemorrhage due to platelet loss • Eleanor acquired: • An infection due to diminished leukocytes • Strain on her heart and an increased heart rate to compensate for low hemoglobin

45. Word Anatomy (cont.)

46. Word Anatomy (cont.)

47. Word Anatomy (cont.)

48. Word Anatomy (cont.)