THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM (1550-1800)

1. THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM(1550-1800)

2. Bell Work 11/28 • You need to grab the Absolutism Poster Project sheet up front • Also, you need to grab The Spanish Armada worksheet, you have about 15 minutes to complete this  • Then, Elizabeth • Don’t forget about the Christmas Child Extra Credit

3. Bell Work 12/4 • Make sure your name is on your paragraphs and turn them into the box • What was Phillip II’s nickname? Or what was he known as? • Project Due next Wednesday • This week: Notes, test on Friday so we can review for exam next week

4. Absolutism • Form of monarchical power when a ruler has a complete authority over the government and lives of the people • Two types of A.: 1. Ruler 2. Ruler + Chief Minister • A. took place in: Spain, France, Prussia, Russia, Austria

5. Bell Work • 11/27 • If you could build any house in the world, what would it look like? How many rooms, bathrooms? Amenities? • What allowed monarchs, kingdoms, to arise in Europe following the Renaissance and Reformation period?

6. Bell Work 11/29 • What are some possible benefits of absolutism? • What are some possible downfalls? • Any examples that you can find from the movie? • Tonight: Worksheet

7. Map of states under Absolutism

8. Bell Work 11/30 • Turn in your homework • Come in and sit down, be quiet and we will continue with the video

9. Setting the Stage • Europe was in a period after Reformation. Still divided religiously. • Catholic territory: Spain, France, Italy, Southern Germany. • Protestant territory: England, Netherlands, Northern Germany • Spain, France, and England had colonies in Asia, the Americas, and Africa.

10. Spain(Charles V: King of 2 Crowns) • Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella: Inherited Spain and Austrian Hapsburg empire in 1519. • Struggled to suppress Protestant movement in German states as well as the Ottoman empire led by Suleiman. • Tired of the constant warfare of this diverse empire, Charles V gave up his title and entered a monastery. • Division of his empire: • Hapsburg land→brother Ferdinand • Spain, Netherlands, southern Italy→son Philip

11. Spain(Philip II) • Thanks to silver from Americas, his empire became the wealthiest in Europe. • Absolute monarch: complete authority over government and lives of people. • Ruled by divine right: believed his authority to rule came directly from God. • Sought to protect and strengthen the Catholic Church. Counter-reformation; turned Inquisition against Protestants. Enforced Catholic unity in his lands.

12. Spain(The Wars of Philip II) • Defeated Ottoman Muslims in the Mediterranean region. • Battled Protestant rebels in Netherlands who resisted Philip’s efforts to crush Protestantism there. Also opposed high taxes and autocratic rule. • Netherlands eventually won independence from Spain after many years of war and became known as the Dutch Netherlands in 1648.

13. Queen Elizabeth Iwas chief Protestant enemy who supported the Dutch rebellions. She also knighted Sir Francis Drake, a pirate who looted Spanish treasure ships. In response, Philip II Prepared a hugeArmada(fleet of 130 ships) against England. Due to storm on English Channel, armada was destroyed. England won and suprassed Spanish power thereafter. Victory for Elizabeth I Spain(The Wars of Philip II)

14. Philip II was a patron of the arts and founded academies for science and math. Painters: El Greco: religious pictures and royal portraits Diego Velázquez: best known court painter. Writers: Miguel de Cervantes: wrote Don Quixote, the first modern novel in Europe. Mocks medieval chivalry. Spanish Golden Age: 1550-1650

15. Spain’s Economic Decline: 1600s • Economic decline because: • There were less able successors after Philip II • Wars overseas drained Spain financially. • Expulsion of Muslim and Jew= deprived the economy of many skilled artisans and merchants • France (and England) replaced Spain as most powerful European nation.

16. Bell Work • Who was the most powerful ruler in French History? • What was the idea that nothing can be known for certain? • Immense French Palace? • Name one of the two powerful cardinals that helped rule France? • What absolute monarch ruled Spain?

17. France • From 1560s-1590s, religious war between Huguenots (French Protestants) and the Catholic majority tore France apart. • Worst incident: Bartholomew´s day Massacre. 3,000 were killed. Symbolized complete breakdown of order in France.

18. France:(Henry IV) • Henry IV: In 1589, a Huguenot prince inherited the throne. • Issued Edict of Nantes in 1598: protected Protestants and promote religious tolerance. • He ruled alone but royal officials helped him. Strong central government to restore order. • Royal officials: 1. Administered justice 2. Improved roads,built bridges 3. Revived agriculture ***Laid foundations for royal absolutism.

19. France(Louis XIII) • Henry IV assassinated→ 9 years old son Louis XIII inherited throne. • Young Louis XIII appointed Cardinal Armand Richelieu as his chief minister and ruled with his help. • Richelieu further strengthened central government

20. Smashed the Huguenots cities and outlawed their armies BUT he allowed them to practice their own religion Defeated the private nobles armies and destroyed their castles BUT he tied nobles to king by giving them high posts at court or in royal army France(Richelieu) Richelieu sought to destroy the power of Huguenots and nobles so he: Also, involved France in 30 years war to weaken Hapsburg power

21. Turn towards Skepticism • Idea that nothing can ever be known for certain • Montaigne developed essay • Rene Descartes-helped develop the scientific method by questioning

22. France(Louis XIV & Marazin) • Richelieu handpicked his successor Cardinal Jules Marazin, • Reign of Louis XIV: 1. Ruled with Marazin´s help 2. Disorder again swept France • After Marazin died Louis took the government under his control • Claimed “I Am The State” or the “Sun King.” Believed in divine right to rule. Took sun as symbol of absolute power.

23. France(Louis XIV) • Never called a meeting of the Estates General, a council that was established to check royal power. • Appointed intendants to collect taxes, recruit soldiers, and carry out his policies throughout France. • Under Louis XIV, French army became the strongest in Europe. • His finance minister, Jean Baptiste Colbert followed mercantilist policies, helping make France the wealthiest state in Europe.

24. Built palace of Versailles, the most magnificent building in Europe. Versailles became symbol of the Sun King’s wealth and power. Housed 10,000 people. No expense was too great. Lavish lifestyle. Court of Louis supported splendid century in the arts. Moliere-Tartuffe Purpose of art was to glorify king France(Louis XIV & Versailles)

26. War of Spanish Succession • 1700-Charles II (Spain) died without heir • Promised throne to Louis XIV’s grandson Phillip of Anjou • England, Austria, Dutch, and Portugal and several states joint to stop union • War of Spanish Succession • Treaty of Utrecht- thrones not unite, GB took Gibralter, British company gained asiento

27. France(Louis XIV) • Reigned for 72 yrs, longer than any other monarch. • French culture, manners, and customs replaced those of Renaissance Italy as the standard for European taste. • Revoked Edict of Nantes forcing over 100,000 Huguenots to flee France. Caused serious blow to French econ. • By the time Louis XV inherited throne, France was in a state of chaos.

28. Bell Work • What war was a conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families? • How was the war defined? (2 parts) • What steps did the Austrian Hapsburgs take toward becoming absolute monarchs? • What countries were allies during the War of Austrian Succession ? • Seven Years War?

29. Austria & Prussia • Struggle between Protestant North and Catholic South in Germany triggered the Thirty Years’ War. • The war led to severe depopulation. As many as 1/3 of the people in the German states died during the wars.

30. Hapsburg Triumphs • 1618-1648 • Hapsburg armies from Austria/Spain crushed Protestant Prince armies • Ferdinand II allowed army to plunder

31. Hapsburg Defeats • Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden-army of 23,000 shifted war • France entrance on Protestant side dominated rest of war • Peace of Westphalia • Weakened Hapsburg • Strengthened France • Ended Religious wars, German Princes independent • Introduced new methods of peace negotiations

33. Central Europe • Strong states formed slowly-aristocracy passed laws against serfs gaining freedom • Landowning nobles blocked ability for king to develop a state • 30 years war left Holy Roman Empire weak • Countries step in to fill void

34. Hapsburgs of Austria Retook Bohemia/Hungary Created noble class Charles VI Persuaded other leader to sign agreement recognizing Maria Theresa as heir Maria Theresa

35. Meanwhile, Prussia emerged as a new Protestant power. Under Prussian ruler Frederick William I, a great army was assembled . Known as Great Elector Bought Prussia’s landowning nobles, Junkers by giving right to be officers in army Highly militarized society. Rise of Prussia

36. Frederick the Great • Frederick II-Frederick the Great • Followed father’s military policy • Encouraged religious tolerance and legal reform

37. Wars • War of Austrian Succession • Frederick wanted Silesia • Hungary, Great Britain and Austria fought France and Prussia • Maria Theresa lost • The Seven Years War • Maria Theresa made alliance with France and Russia • Frederick signed treaty with Britain • Fought all over the world • Britain emerged as victor

38. Bell Work • Get out your outline. • What monarch have you chosen or feel most interested in? Why? • What are some failures and accomplishments that you already know?

39. Bell Work • Get out your chart • How does Obama conflict with congress on ruling our nation? Give an example if you know.

40. Power was maintained far differently in England than in France and Spain. Tudor dynasty reigned from 1485-1603. Henry VII believed in divine right, but valued Parliament and maintained good relationships. Elizabeth I was popular and successful thanks to good Parliamentary relations. England (The Tudors & Parliament)

41. House of Lords: Upper house Hereditary rule or appointed by sovereign Lord Spiritual and Lord Temporal lead this house. House of Commons Lower house Democratically elected body. Prime Minister leads this house. English Parliament

42. England (The Stuarts & Parliament) • When Elizabeth died without a direct heir, the throne passed to the Stuarts, the ruling family of Scotland. • James I, the first Stuart monarch contested Parliament and sought absolute rule. • Leaders in the House of Commons (body of Parliament) resisted his claim to divine right. • In 1625, Charles I inherited the throne. Also behaved like an absolute monarch. Imprisoned foes without trial and created bitter enemies. • For 11 years, he ruled the nation without Parliament. When he finally summoned Parliament to get help suppressing a Scottish rebellion, it launched its own revolt.

43. Parliamentary Rebellion and Civil War • When Parliament finally reconvened they staged the greatest political revolution in English history. • Charles lashed back against the reforms they proposed. • When he attempted to arrest the most radical leaders, they escaped and formed an army. • A civil war ensued, lasting from 1642-1649. In the end, revolutionary forces triumphed. • Oliver Cromwell led the triumphant New Model Army for Parliament, and by 1647, the king was in the hands of parliamentary forces.

44. After the war, Parliament set up court to put King Charles on trial. He was condemned as tyrant, traitor, and public enemy, and beheaded. 1st time in history that a monarch had been tried and executed by his own people. Sent clear message that in England, no ruler could claim absolute power and ignore the rule of law. Execution of King Charles

45. After execution of Charles I, House of Commons abolished monarchy, House of Lords, and Church of England. Declared England a republic called the Commonwealth, which was led by Oliver Cromwell. Enforced strict military rule. Under the Commonwealth, Puritans replaced the Church of England. Strict piety. After Cromwell died, Puritans lost their grip on England. The Commonwealth

46. Charles II • Many English were tired of military rule and strict Puritan ways • After a decade of kingless rule, Parliament invited Charles II to return to England from exile. • Unlike his father, Charles II was a popular ruler who avoided his father’s mistakes in dealing with Parliament. • Restored Church of England and promoted religious tolerance.

47. Charles II’s brother James II inherited the throne. Unlike Charles II, he angered Parliament and attempted to restore Catholic Church. Parliament invited his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to become rulers of England. When they arrived, James fled to France. Non-violent overthrow known as the Glorious Revolution. James II, William & Mary

48. English Bill of Rights • Before they could be crowned, William and Mary had to accept several acts passed by Parliament that became known as the English Bill of Rights. • It ensured superiority of Parliament over the monarchy. • Required monarch to summon Parliament regularly and forbade monarch from interfering with debate or suspending laws. • Also restored trial by jury and affirmed principle of habeas corpus in which no one could be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. • Created a limited monarchy form of government. Set England apart from the rest of Europe.

49. Bell Work • Get out your questions • Fill in the chart comparing Russia to western Europe

50. Bell Work • What event happened in history today? • How did Russia become westernized? Who was responsible? • Read surviving the Russian Winter on pg. 612 and 613