Chapter 9 THE AGE OF REFORM

1. Chapter 9THE AGE OF REFORM Section 1: The Progressive Movement Section 2: Reforming the New Industrial Order Section 3: Reforming Society

2. Section 1: The Progressive Movement Objectives: • What were the backgrounds of social reform leaders? • What issues concerned progressives? • What issues did muckrakers address? • How did progressive writers and thinkers view American society?

3. Section 1: The Progressive Movement Backgrounds of social reform leaders • native born • middle or upper class • usually urban • college educated

4. Section 1: The Progressive Movement Progressive issues • reform of industrial practices • end to child labor • reform of electoral system • social justice

5. Section 1: The Progressive Movement Muckraker’s issues • business corruption • corruption in urban politics • social problems such as slums and child labor • racism

6. Section 1: The Progressive Movement Progressive views • Industrial society exploited the weak. • Government should use its powers to promote social welfare. • Private citizens bear a social responsibility.

7. Section 2: Reforming the New Industrial Order Objectives: • What workplace problems did progressives target? • What were the results of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire? • What rulings did the Supreme Court make on labor laws? • What were the successes and failures of unions in the early 1900s?

8. Section 2: Reforming the New Industrial Order Workplace problems • child labor • low wages for women • long working hours • dangerous working conditions • no minimum wage

9. Section 2: Reforming the New Industrial Order Results of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire • public outrage • passage of strict fire-safety code by New York legislature

10. Section 2: Reforming the New Industrial Order Supreme Court rulings on labor laws • In Lochner v. New York, the Court overturned a law limiting work to ten hours a day, stating that workers should be free to accept any working conditions. • In Muller v. Oregon, the Court upheld a law limiting women to a ten-hour workday, claiming that women’s physical structure justified special legislation. • In general, the Court sided with business owners and overturned much early social legislation.

11. Section 2: Reforming the New Industrial Order Successes and failures of unions • increased membership • got wage increases and shorter hours in some companies • got aid from progressive organizations • accepted women and minorities (IWW) • excluded unskilled workers and sometimes promoted racism (AFL) • did not get closed-shop status (ILGWU) • failed to end capitalism and faded from power (IWW)

12. Section 3: Reforming Society Objectives: • How did reformers try to improved life in U.S. cities? • How did reformers hope to improve moral standards? • How did African Americans and American Indians organize to improve their lives? • Why were immigrants left out of some progressive reforms, and how did they contribute to other reforms?

13. Section 3: Reforming Society Reformers attempts to improve urban life • tried rid cities of garbage • wanted to provide better housing • desired better public education • wanted improved public health • worked to build playgrounds • wanted to provide city planning and redesign

14. Section 3: Reforming Society Moral improvements desired by reformers • crusaded against alcohol • demanded censorship

15. Section 3: Reforming Society American Indians • formed the Society of American Indians to address problems and publicize accomplishments.

16. Section 3: Reforming Society African Americans • formed the NAACP to work through the courts for civil rights • formed the Urban League to fight for racial equality

17. Section 3: Reforming Society Immigrants and reform • often left out because of racism and lack of respect for immigrants’ cultures • worked through political machines to establish worker-protection and public-health programs • used political machines to obtain playgrounds, public baths, and parks