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18 th c. European Expansion. 18 th c. political history?. absolutism & constitutionalism continue enlightened absolutism (ca. 1750-1790) French Revolution (1789). 18 th c. intellectual history?. Enlightenment (1690-1780). This presentation will address
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18th c. political history? • absolutism & constitutionalism continue • enlightened absolutism (ca. 1750-1790) • French Revolution (1789)
18th c. intellectual history? • Enlightenment (1690-1780)
This presentation will address 18th c. European ECONOMIC HISTORY. Essential Questions: How did Europe expand in the 18th century? … internal growth? (rising food production, population boom, expansion of industry) … external growth? (global trade, empire building)
Objectives • Compare and contrast farming methods and the supply of food before and after the Agricultural Revolution. • Explain the factors that caused the Low Countries and England to adopt the new methods of the Agricultural Revolution first.
17th c. Economy: Agrarian • 80% of W. Europeans • even more in E. Europe
Agriculture before 1650: The Open-Field System • What it looked like: • open fields, cut into strips for each family • no fences • common landsfor pasturing animals Smith Walsh Common Land Wilson Miller Carder Carroll
Agriculture before 1650: The Open-Field System • Problems: • soil exhaustion fields lie fallow • low output + periods of famine Famine Foods Grass and Bark………. Dandelions………………. Chestnuts………………….
Agricultural Revolution (ca 1650-1850) • What: elimination of the fallow • How: (1) crop rotation (2) enclosure
Agricultural Revolution (ca 1650-1850) • Consequences: • MUCH more food • rise of market-oriented estate agriculture • proletarianization (landless peasants) Between 1600 and 1900, England’s wheat output tripled. Overall, by 1870 English farmers were producing 300% more food than in 1700 with just 14% more labor!
Leaders: Low Countries & England • Low Countries 1st – why: • densely populated • growth of urban areas • England 2nd – students of the Dutch
Dutch & English Innovators • Cornelius Vermuyden (Dutch) – drainage • Jethro Tull (English) – seed drill, horses for plowing, selective breeding Seed Drill
Objective Account for the dramatic population increase in Europe during the 18th century.
Population Patterns up to 1700 • irregular cyclical pattern of slow growth • factors that held down growth: • famine • disease • war
18th c. Population Explosion • Why: decline in mortality … • famine: new canals and roads enabled food transport; new foods (potato) • disease: bubonic plague disappeared; improved sanitation • war: less destructive
Objectives • Discuss the development of cottage industry and its impact on rural life and economy. • Describe the features of the guild system, explain how it evolved in the 18th century, and explain why the guild system eventually was replaced.
Cottage Industry • manufacturing with hand tools in peasant homes
Cottage Industry: The Putting-Out System • What: merchant capitalist “put out” raw materials to cottage workers, who returned finished products to the merchant • Competitive advantages (over guilds): • low wages • no regulation = experimentation + variety of goods
Cottage Industry • 1st in: England, textile industry • family enterprise • spinners can’t keep up with weavers “spinsters” • conflict b/t workers & merchant-capitalists • erratic pace
Urban Guilds • elitist & monopolistic: • restricted membership: men, nepotism, costly • exclusive rights to produce certain goods • access to limited raw materials Guild flags, etching from 1815.
Urban Guilds • not open to experimentation? • 18th c. openness to women (ex. dressmaking) • lost power, late 18th c. – mid-19th c. (FR / rise of free market)
“Industrious Revolution” • social/econ Δs of late 17th-early 18th c. • wage work • leisure time • new pattern = foundation for IR (1780) • Debate over consequences … life better or worse for: • the poor? • women?
Objectives • Explain how Britain became the dominant European power in the colonial world. • Describe the development of slavery and its impact on the economy in the Americas. • Explain how Spain recovered in the 18th century after its 17th-century decline. • Describe the hierarchy of Spanish colonial society. • Identify European colonies in Asia. • Explain Adam Smith’s economic theory, and contrast it with mercantilism.
18th c. Commercial Leader: BRITAIN!!!
Britain did have rivals: • Dutch • French • Spanish So how did Britain take the lead? Success in war – economic & military.
Wars • Navigation Acts (1651-1663) • Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674) • War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) • War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) • Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
1. Navigation Acts (1651-1663) • econ. warfare: • GB imports must be carried on GB ships (or on ships of country producing the goods) • GB colonies must ship goods on GB (or US) ships + buy goods from GB • Outcome: beat out Dutch
2. Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674) • 3 wars • Outcome: not much Δ, but coupled w/ Nav. Acts, Dutch commerce Dutch colony of New Amsterdam. Britain seized it and renamed it “New York.”
3. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) • Cause: threat of French/Spanish union • France vs. Grand Alliance (GB, Dutch, Austria, Prussia)
3. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) • Grand Alliance won! • Peace of Utrecht: • Fr/Sp could not be united • France lost Amer. colonies to GB • Spain lost land to Austria & gives control of slave trade to GB Thus: France & Spain decline … GB gains
4. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) • Cause: Prussia (Fred the Great) took Silesia from Austria (MT)
4. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) • Came to include Anglo-French conflicts in India & N. America • Outcome: • Prussian victory • no land Δ in N. America GB’s King George II at Battle of Dettingen – defeated the French. GB fought on Austria’s side.
5. Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) • Cause: MT wanted Silesia back • France vs. Britain over colonies
5. Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) • Indecisive in Europe • British victory in colonies • Treaty of Paris: • France & Spain lost land in N. Amer. & India to GB
Theme: Land and Trade Monopolization Outcome: Britain realized goal of monopolizing a vast trading and colonial empire
IN THE COLONIES…. THE AMERICAS
Atlantic Slave Trade • plantation agriculture: sugar, coffee, tobacco, rice, cotton • 1700: GB becomes leader • 1770s-80s: GB abolition campaign • 1807: Parli abolished GB slave trade Middle Passage
Spanish Revival After its height in the 16th c., and a drastic fall in the 17th, Spain came back in the 18th! • Causes: • better leadership: Philip V (r. 1700-1746) • reforming ministers
Spanish Revival • Signs of revival: colonies benefit! • better defense • expansion (ex. Louisiana, CA) • silver mining recovers • new class of wealthy Creoles
Spanish Colonial Society • Creole: Spanish blood, born in America • mestizo: mixed Spanish/Indian • debt peonage: • 17th c. labor system • serfdom – owner keeps Indians in bondage by advancing pay
IN THE COLONIES…. ASIA
Portugal (16th c.) Outposts in Indian Ocean trading world