EXPLORATION - NOTES

1. EXPLORATION - NOTES • Exploration • Columbus • Impact of Reformation – • 1) Puritans don’t think Henry VIII went far enough • 2) race for converts • c) impact of economic change – • 1) enclosure movement threw people of the land • 2) failure of wool business led to joint stock companies • e) Reasons for exploration religion wealth fame national pride curiosity faster, cheaper trade routes to Asia • f) Reasons for colonization • -religious freedom -political freedom -economic opportunity (mercantilism) -social mobility -a better way of life

2. COLONIES - NOTES • Colonial era 1607-1775 • SOUTHERN COLONIES • Advantages - rich soil, lots of rivers for transportation • Virginia (1607) – Jamestown • Virginia Company • bad location • no cooperation • John Smith • Chief Powahatan • starving time • John Rolfe and tobacco is first cash crop • Virginia House of Burgesses • Indentured servants lead to Bacon’s Rebellion • Bacon’s Rebellion leads to importation of African slaves in 1670’s • 1705 – First slave code in America

3. COLONIES - NOTES • Maryland (1632) – • Lord Baltimore • proprietary colony • haven for Catholics • Maryland Act of Religious Tolerance (1649) • Tobacco is cash crop • North Carolina (1665) • North and South Carolina were one land grant later split • North Carolina is mountainous so population was isolated farmers • Isolated farmers are “backcountry” and practice subsistence farming • Tobacco and ship building

4. COLONIES - NOTES • South Carolina (1670) • Established Charlestown as first town • Pretty poor - colony sugarcane and deerskins • Later Rice and Indigo become successful cash crops • Georgia (1733) • John Oglethorpe • Prison colony • New start for the poor, first social engineering • Buffer from Florida which is owned by Spanish • No Slaves

5. COLONIES -NOTES • MIDDLE COLONIES • (incredibly fertile land, diverse crops, wheat boom leads toinvestment capitalists, begin the Triangular Trade) • New York (1664) New Jersey 1670 • Founded after end of English Civil War and restoration of King Charles • Seized from the Dutch who were business rivals of England • Named for the Duke of York • Generous land grants and religious freedom • Pennsylvania (1681) • William Penn, Quaker and Pacifist • wanted to establish colony as a haven for Quakers • had to own 50 acres and be a Christian to vote • Delaware (1682) • Broken off from southern Pennsylvania

6. COLONIES - NOTES • NEW ENGLAND COLONIES (poor soil, corn is main crop, trade becomes important) • Massachusetts (1620) – • separatists wanted to leave Anglican Church became known as pilgrims joined other puritans on Mayflower • Mayflower was going to Virginia and got lost, landed Plymouth • Mayflower Compact • Squanto • John Winthrop important leader, City on the Hill sermon • Theocracy • Great Migration • General Court - only members of church can vote • Heresy • Roger Williams and Anne Hutchison • Poor soil couldn’t farm as well as others, turned to trade • Fishing is really first cash crop • Lumber industry is important also • Town meetings • Rhode Island (1644) – • founded by Roger Williams for dissenters • Connecticut (1636 - • Reverend Thomas Hooker • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut - first constitution to allow all adult males to vote not just church members

7. COLONIES TO CONSTITUTION

8. PROTESTANT REFORMATION • 1. The Reformation grew out of a rebellion within the Catholic Church in the German Kingdoms. Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on the church door questioning whether the Catholic Church could do some of the things it did. • This caused a split in the church and led to the creation of Protestantism. • It also led to religious wars and religious persecution. These two things led to a desire to emigrate to the New World.

9. JAMESTOWN 16072,3,4 & 5

10. 2. Established on the James Peninsula of Virginia in 1607. Originally established to search for gold. None was found, so the original aristocratic settlers left. The remaining colonists suffered from starvation and malaria because the peninsula is a swamp. John Smith takes over as governor and enforces discipline. He meets Pocahontas, a Native American woman that showed the colonists how to harvest the Maize, or corn, that grew on the peninsula. 3. gold wasn’t found, but John Rolfe imported tobacco from the Middle East and found that it grew well in the wet and warm environment of Virginia. Tobacco was very popular in Europe and tobacco became the first cash crop of the colony. Tobacco was so valuable that a single barrel of tobacco could pay for the entire expenses of a shipment from the colonies to England. JAMESTOWN

11. 3. The House of Burgesses was established in 1619. It was modeled on the English Parliament. It also set a pattern for the rest of the colonies. All of the colonies had some form of representative government. 4. Indentured servants were originally used solve the labor problem in America. The tobacco plantations needed large labor forces. The headwright system was employed. In this, if a a plantation owner brought in an indentured servant from England, the colony would reward him with 50 acres of land to be given to the servant after the contract was finished. the problem of labor, land and servants came to a head with Bacon’s Rebellion. JAMESTOWN1607

12. MARYLAND1632 • 5. Maryland was a colony established by Lord Calvert (later known as Lord Baltimore) as a haven for Catholics. • It was a proprietary colony, which meant that it was not given by the king to developers, but rather to an individual. Because of this, the king retained final control, theoretically, on most decisions. • It was commercial colony that raised tobacco, but it was set apart by it Doctrine of Religious Tolerance established in 1649. This allowed for free worship of any Christian sect.

13. MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY1620

14. Protestant DissidentsPuritans and Pilgrims • 1. The Puritans were members of the Protestant Anglican Church. They thought the Anglican Church had not followed the ideas of Martin Luther and had become too much like the Catholic Church. They wanted to “purify” the Anglican Church. They left England for Holland. Lived there for a while and made themselves unpopular and went back to England.

15. Pilgrims and the Mayflower • Eventually the Puritans decided to settle in the New World. They came for many reasons, but most importantly they came for economic and religious reasons. They were going to Virginia to make money, but they also wanted to create a colony for their view of Christianity. They were blown off course and ended up off the coast of Virginia. Since they weren’t in the King’s lands, they had to make their own government and society

16. MAYFLOWER COMPACT • Because they weren’t in the King’s land, they had to create a government of their own. They signed the Mayflower Compact before they got off the boat. • In the Compact, they agreed to live by majority rule and this is usually seen as the first example of democracy in America

17. John Winthrop • 2. John Winthrop is the most famous of the royal governors of the colony. He was honest and effective. • He is best known for his “City on the Hill” sermon. He said that the colony would be like a city on the hill, something to be looked up to and admired. This sets an example for Americans through the years to set an example for the world.

18. GENERAL COURT • The representative assembly of the Massachusetts Bay colony was the General Court. • The leaders of the colony believed that there should be no separation of church and state, so the General Court was responsible for religious order and civil affairs.

19. HERESY • 3. Heresy is usually associated with religious ideas that go against what the majority believe. Some religions tolerate heresy, some punish it serverely. • Roger Williams was a preacher and a member of the General Court. He believed that there should be separation of church and state. • He was exiled from the colony and established a new colony in Rhode Island.

20. ANNE HUTCHISON • Anne Hutchison was a woman in Plymouth that thought that her preacher was dull and thought that religion should be emotional. • She started to preach on her own. This was tolerated, but when Anne said that she spoke to God, she was punished.

21. FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNNETICUT • 5. Adopted by the colony of Connecticut in 1638. • It set up the government of the Connecticut River towns. • It included a written constitution. • It is usually considered the first written constitution in America

22. PENNSYLVANIA1681 • William Penn was a member of the Society of Friends or Quakers. • This was a group established in 1640 as dissenters in the Anglican Church. They were profoundly unpopular and were banned from publicly preaching in England and were hung in the Plymouth Colony. • Penn became a Quaker and with a grant of land from Charles II. This land was to settle a 2 million pound debt that Charles owed to Penn’s father. • William Penn considered Pennsylvania to be a “holy experiment”. • Pennsylvania was very successful. The land was fertile and supported many crops which led to diversification of their economy. This means that the economy had many crops to rely on, so if one failed, then the rest of the crops could save the whole economy. • The Quakers differed from the other colonists in many ways. They did not bar women from preaching, they tried to convert the Indians, did not believe that God sanctioned war or killing and believed that a person’s “inner light” was more important than the literal word of the Bible. • The difference of their beliefs and those of the other colonists is striking.

23. Georgia 1732 • The colony of Georgia was established in 1732 by James Oglethorpe. • Georgia was established for two reasons. First was to be a military buffer between the Carolinas and Spanish held Florida. The second was as a penal or debtors colony. • As a penal colony, Georgia was established by people from the jails of England that wanted a fresh start. • Originally, Georgia was an all white colony with no slaves. This was to aid in the recovery of runaway slaves from the other colonies trying to get into Florida where slavery was illegal.

24. BACON’S REBELLION1676 • Indentured servants were usually 12-17 year old boys and girls that were apprenticed for a period of 5-8 years. During this time, their master provided food, clothing, shelter and instruction in their trade. • Indentured servants were used in Jamestown to solve the labor problem • The indentured servants that fulfilled their contract received land away from the coast. As more and more of these people moved to America, the settlements eventually came into conflict with the Indians above the James River. • The Governor of Jamestown at this time was George Berkeley. Berkeley told the settlers not to move north of the James River because it would conflict with arrangements the colony had already made with the Indians. The settlers moved anyway and the Indians attacked. The settlers demanded that the colony protect them. • Berkeley refused to send troops and an aristocratic planter named Nathanial Bacon led a rebellion that carries his name. • It wasn’t much of a rebellion, but it did lead to reforms in the House of Burgesses • But most important was the decision of the planters to replace the indentured servants with Negro slaves from Africa. • Slaves were present in the colony before the rebellion, but Bacon’s Rebellion led to the first large scale importation of African Slaves to the American Colonies.

25. THE MIDDLE PASSAGE

26. ENTREPRENEURS AND CAPITALISTS • Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned; supply, demand and price are mostly set by market forces rather than economic planning; and profit is distributed to owners who invest in businesses. Capitalism also refers to the process of capital accumulation. • An entrepreneur is a person who has possession of a new enterprise, venture or idea and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome

27. TRIANGULAR TRADE

28. MERCANTILISM • Mercantilism is an economic theory, considered to be a form of economic nationalism, that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable". Economic assets (or capital) are represented by bullion (gold, silver, and trade value) held by the state, which is best increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations (exports minus imports). • The theory assumes that wealth and monetary assets are identical. Mercantilism suggests that the ruling government should advance these goals by playing a protectionist role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, notably through the use of tariffs and subsidies. The theory dominated Western European economic policies from the 16th to the late-18th century.

29. NAVIGATION ACTS1651 • The Navigation Acts started the process of separation between the colonies and England. • Passed in 1651, the law stated that any cargo from the colonies had to go to England first. The cargoes had to travel in English ships of English registry. • This was an attempt to get a handle on American smuggling. Americans had always traded with everyone regardless of nationality. • This both insulted the colonists, who considered themselves English and also cut into their profits. This was the first point that caused dissension in the colonies.

30. ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS • The English Bill of Rights grew out of the Magna Carta which was signed by King John in 1215. • Magna Carta required King John of England to proclaim certain rights (pertaining to freemen), respect certain legal procedures, and accept that his will could be bound by the law. It explicitly protected certain rights of the King's subjects, whether free or fettered — and implicitly supported what became the writ of habeas corpus, allowing appeal against unlawful imprisonment. • The Bill of Rights was a tradition loved by all Englishmen and the Colonists. When the Constitution of the US was written it could not be ratified without a Bill of Rights.

31. JOHN LOCKE1632 - 1704 • Locke's political theory was founded on social contract theory. • Locke believed that human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance. Locke believed that human nature allowed men to be selfish.In a natural state all people were equal and independent, and everyone had a natural right to defend his “Life, health, Liberty, or Possessions • Locke assumed that the sole right to defend in the state of nature was not enough, so people established a civil society to resolve conflicts in a civil way with help from government • Locke also advocated governmental separation of powers and believed that revolution is not only a right but an obligation in some circumstances. These ideas would come to have profound influence on the Constitution of the United States and its Declaration of Independence.

32. THE ENLIGHTENMENT • The Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment) is the era in Western philosophy and intellectual, scientific and cultural life, centered upon the eighteenth century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority. • The Enlightenment was less a set of ideas than it was a set of values. At its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals.

33. THE FIRST GREAT AWAKENING • The First Great Awakening began in the 1730s. Ministers from various evangelical Protestant denominations supported the Great Awakening. • In the late colonial period, most pastors read their sermons, which were theologically dense and advanced a particular theological argument or interpretation. • Leaders of the Awakening such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield had little interest in merely engaging parishioners' minds; they wanted far more to elicit an emotional response from their audience • the First Great Awakening was seen as leading to the American Revolution. The evangelical movement of the 1740s played a key role in the development of democratic concepts in the period of the American Revolution