The 13 Colonies and the british empire

1. The 13 Colonies and the british empire 1607 - 1754

2. Chesapeake Colonies - Virginia • Founded by the Virginia Company • Late 1606 – VA Co. sends out 3 ships • Spring 1607 – land at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay • They were attacked by Natives, so they moved on • May 24, 1607 – 100 colonists [all men] land at Jamestown

3. Chesapeake Colonies - Virginia • Early settlers died by the dozens • “Gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves • Game in forests and fish in river uncaught • Settlers wasted time looking for gold • Settlement Pattern: • Large plantations [>100 acres] • Widely spread apart [>5 miles]

4. Chesapeake Colonies - Virginia • The “Starving Time” • 1607 – 104 colonists • Spring 1608 – 38 survivors • 1609 – 300 more immigrants • Spring 1610 – 60 survivors • 1610-1624 – 10.000 immigrants • 1624 – 1,200 survivors

5. Chesapeake Colonies - Virginia • Virginia’s gold = tobacco • 1618 – 20,000 pounds • 1622 – 60,000 pounds • 1627 – 500,000 pounds • 1629 – 1,500,000 pounds • A labor-intensive product based on white indentured servants at first (then African slaves)

6. Chesapeake Colonies - Virginia • 1619 – House of Burgesses • Assumed the role of the House of Commons in English Parliament • Control over finances, militia, etc. • Late 17th century, was able to initiate legislation [make laws]

7. Chesapeake Colonies - Virginia • 1676 – Bacon’s Rebellion • Nathanial Bacon led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley • Berkeley refused to retaliate for Native American attacks on the frontier settlements • Rebels attacked Natives, whether friendly or not • Drove Berkeley from Jamestown • Burned capital • Bacon dies of fever • Berkeley crushes rebellion and hangs 20 rebels

8. Chesapeake Colonies – Virginia • Results of Bacon’s Rebellion • Exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen [rural] and landless former servants [urban] • Planters search for laborers less likely to rebel => Black slaves

9. Chesapeake Colonies - Maryland • 1632 – established by Lord Baltimore • Main crop: tobacco • Granted huge tracts of land to his Catholic relatives • Becomes a haven for Catholics • Colonists who came received small farms • Late 1600s, black slaves began to be imported

10. Chesapeake Colonies - Maryland • Protestants felt threatened because of rights given to Catholics • Leads to… • Maryland Toleration Act – 1649 • Guaranteed toleration to all Christians • Decreed death to those who denied Jesus was savior [Jews, atheists, etc.]

11. New England Colonies - Massachusetts • 1620 – Mayflower arrives at Plymouth Bay [Separatists] • Wanted to separate from the Church of England • Mayflower Compact • An agreement to form a government and submit to majority rule • Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings

12. New England Colonies - Massachusetts • 44 out of original 102 survived first winter • Fall of 1621 – First “Thanksgiving” • Stayed small and economically unimportant

13. New England Colonies - Massachusetts • 1630 – 1,000 Puritans set off in 11 well-stocked ships • Didn’t want to leave the church, but purify (reform) it • Established a colony with Boston as its hub [Massachusetts Bay] • 1630s – about 70,000 Puritans leave England to escape religious persecution • John Winthrop – 1st Governor • “City on a hill”

14. New England Colonies - Massachusetts • *Eventually the Massachusetts Bay colony and the Plymouth colony merged together.

15. New England Colonies • Weather: • Cold winters and mild summers • Soil was rocky, which made farming difficult • Cold winters reduced disease

16. New England Colonies • Religion: • Puritans seeking religious freedom • Strict rules and intolerant of other religions • Life dominated by the church • Severe consequences for not attending church or speaking out against the church • Singing and celebrating holidays were prohibited

17. New England Colonies • Economy: • Largely dependent upon the ocean • Fishing and whaling • Also trapping, logging and shipbuilding

18. Puritan Rebels • Roger Williams • Argued for a complete break with the Anglican Church • Denied authority of civil governments to regulate religious behavior • [wanted separation of church and state] • 1635 – found guilty of preaching new and dangerous opinions and was exiled

19. New England Colonies – Rhode Island • 1636 – Roger Williams fled here • RI becomes known as the “sewer” because it is seen as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters • More liberal than any other colony • Universal manhood suffrage • Opposed special privileges = freedom of opportunity for all

20. Puritan Rebels • Anne Hutchinson • Intelligent, well-spoken woman who threatened male control • Bragged that she had received her beliefs directly from God • [seen as heresy] • 1638 – Puritan leaders banished her • She traveled to RI and later to NY • Here she was killed in an Indian attack • John Winthrop saw “God’s hand” in this

21. Middle Colonies - Pennsylvania • Established by William Penn, who was a Quaker • Pacifists (against war / violence) • Bought lands from Natives • Went among Natives unarmed • Government: • Representative assembly • No tax-supported church • Freedom of worship for all • Death penalty only for treason and murder

22. Middle Colonies - Pennsylvania • Attracted many different religious and ethnic groups • No restrictions on immigration • No slavery • Social laws restricting stage plays, cards, dice, etc. • *Created a society that gave its citizens economic opportunity, civil liberty and religious freedom

23. Middle colonies • Delaware – 1702 Penn grants lower 3 counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly (becomes a separate colony); governor same as Pennsylvania’s until AR

24. Middle colonies • New York – 1664 King Charles II forces Dutch to give up New Amsterdam; grants his brother, the Duke of York (James II), the renamed colony of New York • -Orders that Dutch be treated well / allowed freedom of worship but originally taxes the settlers without allowing a representative assembly – pisses of English settlers & in 1683 James II allowed a r.a.

25. Middle colonies • New Jersey – NY too large to administer so James II splits it and in 1702 West and East New Jersey become a single royal colony: New Jersey (various groups of Quakers owned the land)

26. Middle colonies • Weather: • Warm summers and cold winters • Plains, rolling hills, and mountains • Land ideal for agriculture • Known as the “breadbasket” because of large amounts of barely, wheat, oats and rye grown here

27. Middle Colonies • Economy: • Largely agricultural • Also logging, shipbuilding, textile [cloth] and paper production • Cities of Philadelphia and New York were major shipping hubs • Craftsman: blacksmiths, silversmiths, cobblers, wheelwrights, wigmakers

28. Middle Colonies • Religion: • Religious tolerance led to many religions practiced • Quakers, Catholics, Jews, Lutherans, and Presbyterians

29. Middle colonies

30. Southern Colonies - Carolinas • Established by English farmers from the West Indies • Brought slaves with them for plantations • Therefore, had close economic ties to the West Indies • Port of Charles Town became the busiest port in the South

31. Southern Colonies - Carolinas • Primary export: rice • Was grown in Africa, so West African slaves were imported to work on plantations • Were immune to malaria • By 1710, black slaves were the majority in the Carolinas • Additional crops: indigo • Used to dye cloth

32. Southern Colonies - Georgia • Founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe • Created as a “buffer” between the Carolinas and Spanish Florida • Exports: silk and wine • A haven for debtors thrown in prison • Slavery not founded in the colony until 1750 • All Christians except Catholics enjoyed religious toleration

33. Southern Colonies • Weather: • Hot Summers and mild winters • Soil perfect for farming • Growing season was longer than in any other region • Hot summers, however, led to malaria and yellow fever

34. Southern Colonies • Economy: • Almost entirely based on farming • Rice, indigo, tobacco, sugarcane, and cotton • Crops grown on large plantations that used indentured servants and slaves to work the land

35. Southern Colonies

36. From Mercantilism to Imperial rule • Charles II wanted to keep colonial trade in English hands • Therefore, he will extend the mercantilist strategies [from the 1560s] to the American settlements through the Navigation Acts, 1651-1751 • These acts required that goods [colonial products] be carried on ships owned by English or colonial merchants • Farmers forced to accept low prices for crops and colonists had to pay high prices for English manufactured goods

37. From Mercantilism to Imperial rule • In 1686, the charters of Connecticut and Rhode Island were revoked, merging them with Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth to form a new royal province, the Dominion of New England • New York and New Jersey were added two years later • The crown abolished the existing legislative assemblies, banned town meetings, and advocated public worship in the Church of England [which offended the Puritans] • The governor also invalidated all land titles • New deeds would be provided if the colonists paid an annual fee

38. The Imperial Slave Economy • Britain’s focus on America reflected the growth of a new agricultural and commercial order – the South Atlantic System – that produced sugar, tobacco, rice, and other products for an international market • Centered in Brazil and the West Indies with sugar as the primary product • Raw sugar, rum and molasses • The profits from this system drove the slave trade

39. Triangular Trade

40. The Imperial Slave Economy • The South Atlantic System made slaving a favorite tactic of kings and warlords in Africa • This trade in humans produced untold misery • First Passage – torn from their villages and marched in chains to coastal ports • Middle Passage – travel from Africa to the New World in overcrowded ships • Captives had little to eat or drink, some died from dehydration • The feces, urine, and vomit below decks prompted outbreaks of dysentery [which took more lives]

41. The New Politics Of Empire • After the Glorious Revolution [1688], representative assemblies in America copied the English Whigs and limited the powers of crown officials • In Massachusetts, the assembly repeatedly ignored the king’s instructions to provide the royal governor with a permanent salary • Legislatures in North Carolina, New Jersey and Pennsylvania did the same • Legislatures gradually took control of taxation and appointments

42. The New Politics of Empire • British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II [1714-1760] allowed for the rise of American self-government • Supervision of internal colonial affairs was relaxed = salutary neglect • To preserve American liberty, and to combat royal governors abusing theirpowers, the colonists strengthened the powers of the representative assemblies • This laid the foundation for the American Independence movement