Food Resources

1. Food Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 13

2. Key Concepts • Methods of producing food • Increasing food production • Environmental effects of food production • Increasing sustainability

3. How Is Food Produced? • Sources of food • Primary plants:wheat, corn, and rice • Primary animals:beef, pork, and chicken

4. Food Type Kilocalories of fossil fuel input per kilocalorie of protein output Feed lot beef 20-78 Pigs 35 Broiler chicken 22 Rangeland Beef 10 Sheep 10 Vegetables 2-4

5. Major Types of Agriculture • Traditional subsistence • Traditional intensive • Plantation • Industrialized (high-input) See Fig. 13-3 p. 280

6. Land Labor Capital Fossil fuel energy Industrialized agriculture in developed countries Land Labor Capital Fossil fuel energy Intensive traditional agriculture in developing countries

7. Figure 13-8Page 283 Cropland Forest Irrigated farm land Barren land Rangeland Wetland Pasture Urban area

8. In the US, industrialized ag uses about 17% of all commercial energy 17% of total commercial energy use 4% 2% 6% 5% Crops Livestock Foodprocessing Food distribution and preparation Foodproduction On an average, food eaten in the US has traveled 1,300 miles

9. World Food Production Plantation agriculture Industrialized agriculture Nomadic herding Shifting cultivation Intensive traditional agriculture No agriculture Fig. 13-2 p. 279

10. Producing Food by Green-Revolution Techniques • High-input monoculture • Selectively bred or genetically-engineered crops • High inputs of fertilizer • Extensive use of pesticides • High inputs of water • Increased intensity and frequency of cropping

11. Green Revolutions Second green revolution (developing countries) First green revolution (developed countries) Major International agricultural research centers and seed banks Fig. 13-6 p. 282

12. 2nd Green revolution products DO NOT POST TO INTERNET

13. Producing Food by Traditional Techniques • Intercropping • Polyvarietal cultivation • Agroforestry (alley cropping) • Polyculture

14. Polyculture (perennial crops)

15. Agroforestry (shade grown coffee)

16. Intercropping (lettuce with legumes)

17. Food Production • Rapidly increasing • Prices decreasing • Shortages in developing countries • Approaching limits on meat production

18. Feeding the Global Family “The Hunger Banquet” A simulation game approximating the distribution of wealth, population and food as it is in the real world.

19. Welcome to the First World! You are a privileged citizen of countries such as Japan, Germany, Australia and the US. You are part of the 15% of the world’s population who lives in the industrial world and you have an almost unlimited access to the goods of the Earth. You have been give 40 chips.

20. Welcome to the Second World You are a member of the “transitional” peoples of the world, a citizen of one of the progressing industrialized countries—such as South Africa, Slovenia, Malaysia and Brazil—where you enjoy 15% of the world’s wealth. You are part of the 10% of the world’s people who have been given a relative buying power in you packet of 8 chips. Please feel free to purchase whatever you can from the luncheon table.

21. Welcome to the Third World You are hereby classified as a citizen of the developing world. Unfortunately, that will be of some disadvantage to your participation in this luncheon for you have only 5% of the world’s wealth. You have been given the buying power of 3 chips.

22. Nutrition • Undernutrition • Malnutrition • Overnutrition Refer to Fig. 13-11 p. 286 Refer to Solutions p. 289

23. Marasmus

24. Kwashirokor Biafra Salad the Vegetable-Rich, anti-kwashiokor saladAccording to Betty Anyakoha The ingredients consisted of four wrappings of slightly fermented oil beans locally called "Ugba" or Ukpaka. A cigarette cup of fresh local salad fruit known as anara seeds About two small bundles of local salad leaves "leaves of solanium family Two cigarette cups of sliced and dehydrated cassava locally known as achi or abacha, or jikpu or nsisa, a pinch of potash Four table-spoons of palm oil, salt to test, three table spoons full of water Half a cigarette cup of dehydrated and powdered shrimp or lobsters, and a teaspoon of powdered pepper Wash the local salad fruits and leaves thoroughly in luke-warm water containing a pitch of salt or few drops of milton, drain in a colander also wash the sliced dehydrated cassava achi and leaf in a colander to drain a get soft, slice the drained fruits and leaves to reasonable sizes, roast the oil bean wrappings in open fire for about five minutes, grind the pepper and potash to be mortar done, add desired level of water and oil to the mortar powdered products while stirring vigorously with the addition so as to produce a nice, smooth mixture of orange color stuff called ncha add salt to taste. Put the sliced cassava, sliced local salad leaves and fruits, roasted oil beans, and powdered shrimps to the ncha, mix thoroughly to get the finger licking, saliva-watering, anti-kwashiokor Biafran salad

25. Decreased resistance to disease High death rate for children Poverty Malnutrition Decreased ability to learn Decreased ability to work Shortened life expectancy Decreased energy Feedback loop

26. Environmental Effects of Food Production • Biodiversity loss • Soil See Fig. 13-13 p. 288 • Air pollution • Water • Human health

27. Increasing World Crop Production • Crossbreeding and artificial selection • Genetic engineering (gene splicing) • Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) • Continued Green Revolution techniques • Introducing new foods • Working more land See Fig. 13-16 p. 291

28. Crop Desired trait (color) Cross breeding Pear Apple Offspring Cross breeding Best results New offspring Desired result

29. Phase 1 Make Modified Gene cell Identify and extract gene with desired trait gene DNA Identify and remove portion of DNA with desired trait Plasmid Remove plasmid from DNA of E. coli E. coli DNA Genetically modified plasmid Insert extracted DNA (step 2) into plasmid (step3) plasmid Insert modified plasmid into E. coli Grow in tissue culture to make copies

30. Phase 3 Grow Genetically Engineered Plant Transgenic cell from Phase 2 Cell division of transgenic cells Culture cells to form plantlets Transgenic plants with new traits

32. Projected Advantages Projected Disadvantages Need less fertilizer Need less water More resistant to insects, plant disease, frost, and drought Faster growth Can grow in slightly salty soils Less spoilage Better flavor Less use of con- ventional pesticides Tolerate higher levels of herbicide use Irreversible and unpredictable genetic and eco- logical effects Harmful toxins in food from possible plant cell mutations New allergens in food Lower nutrition Increased evolution of pesticide- resistant insects and plant diseases Creation of herbicide- resistant weeds Harm beneficial insects Lower genetic diversity

33. Quinoa

34. Spelt

35. Environmental Effects of food production Biodiversity Loss Soil Loss and degradation of habitat from clearing grasslands and forests and draining wetland Fish kills from pesticide runoff Killing of wild predators to protect livestock Loss of genetic diversity from replacing thousands of wild crop strains with a few monoculture strains Erosion Loss of fertility Salinization Waterlogging Desertification

36. Figure 13-13 (2)Page 288 Air Pollution Water Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil Fuel issue Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use Pollution from pesticide sprays Aquifer depletion Increased runoff and flooding from land cleared to grow crops Sediment pollution from erosion Fish kills from pesticide runoff Surface and groundwater pollution from pesticides and fertilizers Overfertilization of lakes and slow-moving rivers from runoff of nitrates and phosphates from fertilizers, livestock wastes, and food processing wastes

37. Human Health Nitrates in drinking water Pesticide residues in drinking water, food, and air Contamination of drinking and swimming water with disease organisms from livestock wastes Bacterial contamination of meat

38. Catching and Raising More Fish • Fisheries • Fishing methods (See Fig. 13-30 p. 303) • Sustainable yield • Overfishing • Commercial extinction • Aquaculture • Fish farming and ranching

39. Fish Shellfish Demersal (mostly bottom dwelling) Pelagic (surface dwelling) Crustaceans Mollusks Krill Hake Sardine Anchovy Oyster Clam Shrimp Herring Haddock Mackerel Lobster Octopus Squid Cod Tuna Crab Major types of commercially harvested fish

40. Commercial fishing methods Spotter airplane Trawler fishing Fish farming in cage Purse-seine fishing trawl flap sonar trawl lines fish school trawl bag Fish caught by gills Drift-net fishing float buoy Long line fishing lines with hooks

41. Seafood type Kilocalories of fossil fuel input per kilocalorie of protein output Marine Fisheries Shrimp 3-98 18-52 Salmon 20 Cod Ocean Aquaculture Salmon cage culture 50 Salmon ranching 7-12 Seaweed 1

42. Advantages Disadvantages Highly efficient High yield in small volume of water Increased yields through crossbreeding and genetic engineering Can reduce overharvesting of conventional fisheries Little use of fuel Profit not tired to price of oil High profits Large inputs of land, feed, and water needed Produces large and concentrated outputs of waste Destroys mangrove forests Increased grain production needed to feed some species Fish can be killed by pesticide runoff from nearby cropland Dense populations vulnerable to disease Tanks too contaminated to use after about 5 years Aquaculture

43. Advantages Disadvantages Lower crop yields in some areas Decreased precipitation some areas Shorter growing seasons in some areas More unpredictable farming conditions Increased pest populations in warmer areas Loss of wetlands and fertile coastal land from rising sea levels Changes in distribution of fish supplies Affects of projected Global Warming on growing crops and catching fish Increased crop yields in some areas Increased precipitation in some dry areas Longer growing seasons in currently cool areas Less precipitation in some areas with too much precipitation Increased yields of warm-water fish Expanded growing area

44. Producing More Meat Kilograms of grain needed per kilogram of body weight Beef cattle 7 Pigs 4 Chicken 2.2 Fish (catfish or carp) 2 • Rangeland • Pasture • Efficiency Fig. 13-25 p. 298 • Adaptations of rangeland plants • Range condition and management • Environmental consequences (Connections p. 299)

45. Affects of Overgrazing Ungrazed Grazed Recovery Metabolic reserve intact Metabolic reserve Metabolic reserve

46. Ungrazed Overgrazed Death Most of metabolic reserve eaten Metabolic reserve Death

48. After 15 years of overgrazing After 10 years of protection

49. Government Agricultural Policy • Artificially low • Subsidies • Elimination of price controls • Food aid

50. Solutions: Sustainable Agriculture • Low-input agriculture • Organic farming See Fig. 13-36 p. 308 • More benefits to the poor • Increasing funding for research in sustainable techniques