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Inner circle First language UK USA Australia Canada New Zealand South Africa West Indies 375 m

Inner circle First language UK USA Australia Canada New Zealand South Africa West Indies 375 m. Expanding circle Foreign language 750 m. Outer circle Second language Africa Asia 375 m. Kachru, Brai. 1985. In Quirk and Widdowson, English in the Word, CUP. Inner circle

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Inner circle First language UK USA Australia Canada New Zealand South Africa West Indies 375 m

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  1. Inner circle First language UK USA Australia Canada New Zealand South Africa West Indies 375 m Expanding circle Foreign language 750 m Outer circle Second language Africa Asia 375 m Kachru, Brai. 1985. In Quirk and Widdowson, English in the Word, CUP

  2. Inner circle First language UK USA Australia Canada New Zealand South Africa West Indies 320-380 m Expanding circle Foreign language 500-1,000 m Outer circle Second language Africa Asia 300-500 m Crystal's figures, 2003

  3. Taxonomy! PK 2004, English as a Dead Language

  4. John Cowan <cowan@ccil.org> wrote to me Thu, 08 Nov 2007 about the ration of L1-L2 speakers in English, well worth quoting: . .However, I must take issue with your claim that the position of English today is comparable uniquely with that of Latin.  If there was a period when Latin had more L2 than L1 speakers, it was surely during Imperial times, when Latin was by no means dead but had not yet fully differentiated into the Romance languages.  There may well have been more L2 speakers in Gaul, Britain, Africa, and the other western provinces than native speakers throughout the empire. But this was commonplace in pre-modern empires of every sort.  It was very likely true of Alexander's empire as well, and provably true of the Persian Empire, which after abandoning dead Akkadian went on to adopt Aramaic as the standard language of record-keeping and communication throughout the empire, for if educated men were rare, actual Arameans were even rarer.

  5. In modern times, there are quite a few languages with more L2 than L1 speakers: a googling of Ethnologue comes up with Afrikaans, Bulu (Cameroon), Indonesian, Sango (Central African Republic), Sranan (Surinam), Swahili, and Thai; there are undoubtedly more.  Swahili is particularly notable, with an L2/L1 ratio of almost forty to one. Creoles that have become national languages also have this property: almost everyone in Vanuatu speaks Bislama, but less than one in twenty are native speakers.  Admittedly none of these has the worldwide reach of English, being confined to particular nations, as indeed were the imperial languages, including Latin, listed above. So I don't think any claim for Latin and English "cross[ing] an extraordinary threshold" can be sustained.

  6. English Home developing International stable L1 • Increasing tension between pronunciation and spelling • Increasing diversity L2 • Spelling pronunciation • simplification of sound system and adjustment towards spelling forms • rhotic • simplification of grammar

  7. Increasing tension between pronunciation and spelling. Home developing: sight site cite use food good blood bend friend bread read read reed red lead led sun son sum some money honey funny important - evident (return if time)

  8. Increasing tension between pronunciation and spelling. Home developing: right - rite

  9. Increasing diversity Home developing: THOUGHT London Los Angeles

  10. Home developing: FLEECE GOOSE

  11. International stable • International English is stable in that it is not a "living language" or L1, but an L2 which is taught in schools and spreads only among adults.

  12. International stable • Its medium is writing, which leads to "spelling pronunciation" - • STRUT word spelt with "o" – • ton, love, come mother .... • sun son • said paid • man many

  13. International stable • Its medium is writing, which leads to "spelling pronunciation" - • Firmly rhotic: farmer, figure, iron • No weak forms: normally usually correction

  14. International stable – but simplified • International English undergoes simplification: FLEECE GOOSE FOOT KIT

  15. International stable – but simplified • International English undergoes grammatical simplification: • You come tomorrow, isn't it? • They signed without read it first. • I look forward to see you tomorrow. • You must control that she do it. • Please not to walk on grass.

  16. International stable – but simplified • "Incorrect" use of articles and non-count nouns • Please send us informations. • We take suitcases with us in car. • The replies may be sent by the e-mail.

  17. International stable Home developing • Changes in the Home Englishes not only mean that they are moving apart from each other, but they are also moving apart from International English. • Prophesy for the next 2-300 years: "English" refers to International English with simplified grammar and spelling pronunciations; • "Australian", "American", "Estuary" become separate languages.

  18. Increasing tension between pronunciation and spelling. reprise: Home developing: Go to: English Spelling reform

  19. British American Australian etc. India Africa etc. Asia Europe etc. Home developing International stable English

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