What Electrical & Computer Engineering Can Do for You?

1. What Electrical & Computer Engineering Can Do for You? Science & Engineering Saturday Seminar 23 January, 2010 Marinos N. Vouvakis vouvakis@ecs.umass.edu Special Thanks to: Baird Soules, Kris Hollot, Maciej Ciesielski, Wayne Burleson, Pat Kelly, Sandip Kundu, Russ Tessier

2. Who Am I? • Professional: • Assistant Professor in ECE (5 years at UMass) • Teaching: Electromagnetics, Mathematics, Antennas • Research: Computational Electromagnetics & Antennas • Education: • PhD 2005, The Ohio State University • MS 2002, Arizona State University • Dipl. Ing 1999, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece • Personal: • Hellenic National, Crete • 33 years old (single) • Favorite Music: Velvet Underground, Slint, Fugazi • Favorite Sport: Basketball • Hobbies: Traditional Greek music, politics, history, play with my cats.

3. Seminar Objectives Why am I doing this? Science vs. Engineering? What is Electrical & Computer Engineering? What are major ECE sub-areas? What are the trends? A Closer look at some basic concepts ECE: Analog CKTs (sensing & signals) Digital (entering the Digital world) Wireless (the communications revolution) Demos Sensing & Transducers (Chris) Sampling & Bits (Baird, Marinos)

4. Why am I participation on this Seminar Series? The Vision I want to make impact on society. Engineering is key to a better future for humans and our environment. The Problem Low engineering enrolments nationwide. Alarming enrolment trends. Most teachers do not have engineering background. A Possible solution When incoming students are aware about engineering is, they are likely to choose it. Educate teachers about engineering.

5. Science and Engineering

6. Science vs. Engineering Science: Why things happen the way they happen? Example: Movement of objects (force, friction, etc) Engineering: Creative problem solving. More formally: engineering is the discipline, art and profession of acquiring and applying knowledge to design and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and processes that realize a desired objective. Example: Wheel!! Engineering = applied science

7. Science vs. Engineering (cont’d) The Taxonomy of Learning Create Engineering Evaluate Analyze Apply Understand Remember Q: Can we have engineering without science (or vise-versa)?

8. Science and Engineering Observation Science First Principles Mathematics Instrumentation Engineering Intuition

9. Science and Engineering (cont’d) Science Beliefs/behaviors Technology Society Engineering Technology logic = (art/craft)+(knowledge/logic)

10. Engineering Grand Challenges* • Make solar energy economical
 • Provide energy from fusion • Provide access to clean water • Reverse-engineer the brain • Advance personalized learning • Develop carbon sequestration methods • Engineer the tools of scientific discovery • Restore and improve urban infrastructure • Advance health informatics
 • Prevent nuclear terror • Engineer better medicines • Enhance virtual reality • Manage the nitrogen cycle • Secure cyberspace *Source: US. National Academy of Engineering

11. Electrical & Computer Engineering

12. What do Electrical and Computer Engineers do?

13. What do Electrical and Computer Engineers do? “Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke

14. Inside the iPhone 3G “Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke

15. What do Electrical and Computer Engineers do?

16. Electrical and Computer Engineering • “Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline that deals with the study and/or application of electricity, electronics and electro-magnetism.” • “Computer engineering is a discipline that combines elements of both electrical engineering and computer science. Computer engineers are involved in many aspects of computing, from the design of individual microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design.” • Easier to understand by exploring example systems

17. Fields & Waves Electromagnetics Microwaves/RF Optics/Photonics Antennas/Remote Sensing Electrical Engineering • Electronics • Circuit Analysis • Electronics • Control • Control Theory • Power Systems • Power Electronics

18. Communications Communication Systems Wireless Comm. Antennas/Radio Wave Propagation Microwaves and RF Signal Processing Signals and Systems Signal Processing & Communications Image Processing Electrical Engineering

19. Electrical Engineering • Semiconductor Technologies • Solid State Physics • Nano-electronics 32nm TRIGATE Transistor: 2005 First Transistor: 1947 • Microelectronics • VLSI Ckts • Embedded Ckts • Fabrication Technologies Pentium processor

20. Computer Engineering • Computer Programming Software • Algorithms • Computer Graphics • Computer Design • Hardware Organization & Design • Embedded Systems Systems • Computer Architecture

21. Computer Engineering • Networking • Computer Networks & Internet • Cryptography • Trustworthy Computing • Bioengineering • Bio-informatics • Bio-sensors • Bio-electronics

22. EE/CE Salary • In Electrical Engineering salary rises fast with experience • Mobility, Flexibility, Job Satisfaction among highest • Do not focus just on starting salaries • EETIMES salary survey 2006

23. Job Satisfaction: EETIMES Survey

24. Future ECE Job Prospects* • Computer hardware engineers are expected to have employment growth of 4 percent over the projections decade, for all occupations. Although the use of information technology continues to expand rapidly, the manufacture of computer hardware is expected to be adversely affected by intense foreign competition. As computer and semiconductor manufacturers contract out more of their engineering needs to both domestic and foreign design firms, much of the growth in employment of hardware engineers is expected to take place in the computer systems design and related services industry. • Electrical engineers are expected to have employment growth of 2 percent over the projections decade. Although strong demand for electrical devices including electric power generators, wireless phone transmitters, high-density batteries, and navigation systems should spur job growth, international competition and the use of engineering services performed in other countries will limit employment growth. Electrical engineers working in firms providing engineering expertise and design services to manufacturers should have better job prospects. • Electronics engineers, are expected to experience little to no employment change over the projections decade. Although rising demand for electronic goods including communications equipment, defense-related equipment, medical electronics, and consumer products should continue to increase demand for electronics engineers, foreign competition in electronic products development and the use of engineering services performed in other countries will limit employment growth. Growth is expected to be fastest in service-providing industries particularly in firms that provide engineering and design services. *Bureau of Labor & Statistics

25. React Electrical & Computer Engineering Systems An advanced “engineering” system

26. Analog Electrical CKTs (Sensing & Power) React

27. Charge & Electric Current • Each electron carries an electrical charge, q of –1.602x10-19 coulombs [C] • 1 [C] = the charge of 6.242x1018 electrons • Current, I or i • flow rate of electrical charge through a conductor or a circuit element • Unit: ampere [A]. 1A=1C/s • Current-charge relationship:

28. Thomas Edison (1847 – 1931) Nikola Tesla (1856 – 1943) Direct Current (DC) & Alternating Current (AC) • DC • Current that is constant with time • For examples, I=3A or V=12V • AC • Current that varies with time and reverses its direction periodically (sinusoidal) • For example,

29. wire / pipe i(t) cross section Water-Model Analogy • We cannot see electric current flowing in a wire • Water-model or fluid-flow analogy helps us visualize the behaviors of electrical circuits and elements • Electric Current = flow of electrical charges • (Water) Current = flow of water molecules • Assumptions • Frictionless pipes • No gravity effect • Incompressible water

30. Material Types • Conductors • Electric currents flow easily. • Examples: copper, gold, aluminum… • Insulators • Do not conduct electricity. • Examples: ceramics, plastic, glass, air… • Semiconductors • Sometimes conductors, sometimes insulators • Examples: silicon, germanium • Applications: transistors • Superconductors • Perfect conductors when cooled • Applications: MRI, astronomy

31. Voltage • Voltage • Measured between two points (terminals) • Energy transferred per unit of charge that flows from one terminal to the other • Intuitive interpretations: potential difference, water pressure in water model • Variable: • Unit: volt [V] • Water models • For constant voltage sources • Constant-pressure water pump • Constant-torque motor Alessandro Volta (1745 – 1827)

32. node Gustav Kirchhoff (1824 – 1887) Rules of Current Flow - Kirchhoff’s Current Law • Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) • Conservation of electrical currents • The sum of all the currents into a node is zero • The sum of the currents entering a node equals the sum of the currents leaving a node

33. loop 3 _ _ + 1 3 + + + + 9 5 12 _ _ _ loop 1 loop 2 3 + + 4 _ _ Rules of Current Flow - Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law • Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) • Conservation of energy • The sum of the voltages around any closed path (loop) is zero • Example

34. R R R ~ = constriction sponge CKT Components - The Resistor • Resistor • Electrical component that resists the current flow • Variable: R [ohm] or • Water models for a resistor

35. Incandescent Light Bulb Resistors in Practice Resistive Touch-screen Power Supplies

36. Georg Ohm (1789 – 1854) Rules of Current Flow - Ohm’s Law • Ohm’s Law • Power dissipated in a resistor v(t) R _ + i(t)

37. + + _ + + + _ _ _ + _ _ Resistors in Series =

38. + + + _ _ _ Resistors in Parallel =

39. CKT Components - The Capacitor Capacitor & Capacitance Stores energy through storing charge Construction: separating two sheets of conductor by a thin layer of insulator Variable: C Unit: Farad [F]. 1F=1 coulomb per volt C capacitor Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

40. CKT Components - The Capacitor (cont’d) _ + electron flow + _ i(t) + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ CKT Model: Water Model: piston spring

41. Capacitor Equations • Current: • Voltage: • Energy Stored: + C _ MATH (Integration) = CKT (capacitor) !!!

42. Basic Capacitors Arrangements + + + _ _ _ + + _ + + + _ _ _ + _ _ Parallel: Series:

43. CKT Components - The Inductor Stores energy through storing magnetic field Construction: coiling a wire around some type of form Variable: L [Henry] or [H]. When the electric current changes in the coil, it creates a magnetic field around the wire which induces voltage across the coil + L _ Joseph Henry (1797-1878)

44. CKT Components - The Inductor (cont’d) Operation When the electric current changes in the coil, it creates a magnetic field around the wire which induces voltage across the coil Water model analogy • Bi-directional turbine driving a flywheel • Passive, driven by current; no motor • Momentum

45. + L _ Inductor Equations • Current: • Voltage: • Energy Stored: MATH (differentiation) = CKT (inductor) !!!

46. Basic Inductor Arrangements + + _ + + _ _ + _ _ + + _ _ Parallel: Series:

47. CKT Components - The Transistor • Transistor is active component (generates energy) • Controls the flow of currents • Construction: combine semiconductor materials (many different implementations) • The key element in any ECE application C (collector) John Bareen Walter Brattain William Shockley (1947) B (base) E (emitter) *Julius Edgar Lilienfield (1925)!!

48. Transistor Operation • Use base voltage to control current flow on collector • Amplification (analog CKTs) • Switching (digital CKTs) C (collector) 1 B (base) 0 amplifier switch E (emitter)

49. Circuit Schematics connection no connection wires R + + V I _ V resistor battery voltage source current source L C terminals inductor transistor ground capacitor

50. An Analog CKT System High-End Sound Amplifier CKT design Hardware Implementation