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Wind Power and its Science

Explore the science behind wind power, its advantages, usage, different types of wind turbines, and the practical and theoretical efficiency of harnessing wind energy.

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Wind Power and its Science

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  1. Wind Power and its Science As one of the powerful energy sources

  2. The first windmill / wind turbine • During 500–900 AD, windmills were built in Persia for pumping water and grinding grains. • In 1888, Charles F. Brush used a windmill to generate electricity in Cleveland, Ohio, as is called a wind turbine nowadays.

  3. The advantages • Small environmental load • Little pollution • Equal to the efficiency of thermal power with a best circumstance • Twice as much as that of solar cells • More secure than other energy sources

  4. Usage of wind energy • For charging batteries • Work saving • Pumping water to storing water when wind is available, etc. • Hybrid generating system • Hybridized with other generators

  5. The energy payback time (EPT) • With a 2000-kW class wind turbine, 7m/s of year-average wind velocity It can create 7 million-kWh electricity a year  The power consumed by 1,400 households The average EPT is 3 to 4 months.

  6. Measurement of wind velocity • Cup anemometer • World standard • Doppler LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) • Using Doppler effect • Able to measure at 200-m height

  7. Types of windmills / wind turbines • Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) More common and commercialized • Dutch windmill • Propeller type, etc. • Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) Independent of directions of wind • Darrieus • Savonius • Giromill, etc.

  8. Other wind turbines 1 • Magnus wind turbine • From the effect discovered by Heinrich Gustav Magnus • Using long cylinders instead of blades • Solar chimney wind turbine • Air heated by sun going up in the chimney • The wind turbine installed in the chimney

  9. Other wind turbines 2 • Diffuser • With 10% increment of wind velocity, 30% increment of the power generated • Tip vane • Removing vortex at the tip of the blade

  10. How a wind turbine rotates 1

  11. How a wind turbine rotates 2

  12. Types of wind turbines and the power • A small number of blades • The power becomes larger, but the torque is smaller. • A large number of blades • The power becomes smaller, but the torque is larger.

  13. The number of blades and usage of wind turbines/windmills • One or two blades are capable of generating the best power. However, they get noise most. • Three-blade wind turbines are the best balanced. • Multiple-blade windmills are used for pumping water due to larger torques.

  14. Theoretical efficiency of windturbine • The maximum power of windmill received from wind  • The entire power from wind covered by the windmill  The power coefficient CP (=PMAX/P0) becomes 16/27 = 0.593 (Lanchester-Betz limit)

  15. Practical efficiency of windturbine • Fluid mechanical loss  About 50% • Mechanic loss  About 4% • Electrical loss  About 6% The practical energy efficiency is 40%.

  16. Size of a windturbine and its power • The power of wind where , A, v are the air density, the area of windmill, and wind velocity, respectively. Therefore, the power is proportional to the square of the wind velocity:

  17. How wind turbines distributed (Making wind farms) d as the diameter of the wind turbine • Space in the horizontal direction  from 2d to 4d • Space in the vertical direction  from 8d to 12d

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