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Social change in 18th- and 19th-Century England and Ireland

Social change in 18th- and 19th-Century England and Ireland. 18 Contrasting Lifestyles c.1850: Industrial England and Rural Ireland. WHAT YOU WILL LEARN At the end of this chapter you should understand ... What working conditions were like in the factories and mines.

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Social change in 18th- and 19th-Century England and Ireland

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  1. Social change in 18th- and 19th-Century England and Ireland 18 Contrasting Lifestyles c.1850: Industrial England and Rural Ireland • WHAT YOU WILL LEARN • At the end of this chapter you should understand ... • What working conditions were like in the factories and mines. • How people lived in the cities. • How improvements were made to working and living conditions. • How rich and poor differed. • How sport became more organised.

  2. Working in Factories Working Conditions What were the differences between conditions in domestic industry and in the factory system?

  3. Working Conditions Women and children in Factories • Cheaper than men • Children beaten • No concern for safety • Accidents common • Workers lost jobs • Profits more important

  4. Working in the Mines Why were conditions so bad in the mines? Flooding Use of Newcomen’s steam engine to pump out water Ventilation shafts and trapdoors Build-up of explosive and poisonous gases Davy safety lamp Explosions caused by naked flames in lamps

  5. Living Conditions in the Cities How difficult were living conditions in the cities?

  6. Living Conditions in the Cities Why were the average ages of death lower in the cities?

  7. Improvements in Working and Living Conditions Government Reports Trade Unions Demand for improvements Some factory owners and members of Parliament

  8. Improvements in Working and Living Conditions • Factory Acts and Mines Act • 1833 Factory Act Children under 9 not allowed to work; 9- to 13-year-olds – maximum of • 9 hours work, 2 hours school. • Inspectors appointed to enforce the law. • 1836 Registration of births, deaths and marriages. • 1842 Mines Act Women and children under 10 not allowed to work underground in the mines.

  9. Improvements in Working and Living Conditions Health • Simpson • Chlorform • Lister • Cleanliness • Jenner • Vaccination What improvements were made in health?

  10. Improvements in Working and Living Conditions Public Health • Chadwick • The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population • Public Health Act 1848 • Streets • Water supplies • Sewage • Housing construction • Slum clearance

  11. Rich and Poor • Poor • Food • Clothes • Education • Rich • Food • Clothes • Education

  12. Why and how did leisure activities increase during the 19th century? Leisure

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