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Knowledge Mediation in the WWW based on Labelled DAGs with Attached Constraints. Jutta Eusterbrock. WebTechnology GmbH. Introduction.
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Knowledge Mediation in the WWW based on Labelled DAGs with Attached Constraints Jutta Eusterbrock WebTechnology GmbH
Introduction • WWW:Vast amount of useful data and information in online repositories, electronic product catalogues, ... for configuration, planning, synthesis applications • Problems: • WWW topology is dynamic, content changes quickly • Information from various locations differs in syntax, structure, semantics • Domain-specific meta-knowledge and interacting constraints need to be taken into account
Introduction • Goal: Use of WWW data from various locations, attached meta-knowledge and constraints for applications, eg. configuration, based on reasoning and constraint-solving • Approach • Agent Framework • Viewpoint as Mediator (Intermediate layer between resources and applications) • Logical Representations of XML-Graphs for Data Integration
Knowledge Integration XML DTD • XML (eXtensible Mark-up Language) • Emerging standard for exchanging data on the WWW • Objects consist of nested elements,attribute/value pairs • DTD (Document Type Descriptor) • Grammar, Vocabulary (optional)
Knowledge Integration XML Query Language • Access to fragments of XML elements through a number of query languages, based on path-expressions • Example in XML-QL [Deutsch, Fernandez, Florescu, Levy, Suciu, 98]
Knowledge Integration Agents • Application of the KRAFT Agent Framework • Software components realised as interacting agents • Subset of KQML performatives for communication • Facilitators encompass descriptions of service providers that have to advertise their capabilities • Wrappers translate and distribute queries • Mediators provide uniform access to heterogeneous information resources
Knowledge Integration Knowledge-Bases • Shared Ontology • Formal semantic domain model • Explicit specification of agreed, standardised vocabulary, definition of the basic terms (concepts), properties, relationships (Gruber) and background knowledge • Facilitator Knowledge Base • Representations of syntactic Web (meta-) data, schemas, locations • XML elements, DTDs • Stored as facts in KB
Knowledge Integration Viewpoint • Realisation of Mediators by Viewpoints • Provide context-specific definitions for the ontological concepts • Based on lifting rules (articulation axioms, Guha, Cyc) • Interpretation with respect to a semantic requests generates a set of syntactic queries to individual resources by reasoning, constraint-solving • Knowledge Integration with respect to a given ontology
Graphs for Web Knowledge Bases • Wrapping, storing, retrieval, reasoning based on a logical representation of graphs • Labelled DAGs as data model for XML elements • Feature Graphs for modeling DTDs and concepts • ADT for labelled DAGs and efficient canonical term encodings (Eusterbrock, 97) • Graph retrieval based on path-expressions • Graph matching modulo isomorphism by term matching • Graph term subsumption models class-, instance relations
Graphs for Web KB: Term Encoding • Example: Canonical term encoding of XML element and DTD
Domain Ontology with Constraints • Representation of domain concepts by feature graphs with attached constraints
Knowledge-Based Mediation: Objective • Queries can be expressed • using the vocabulary of a shared ontology • built-up as conjunction of atoms, graph-path expressions and constraints attached to free variables • without having to take into account location
Knowledge-Based Mediation: Sharing • Local Domain Models: Facts based on DTDs • Ontology: CLPs with embedded feature graphs for concepts • Integration: Translation DTD ö concept • Semantic mismatches still need to be resolved! • missing, overlapping features • feature semantic: prices before/after taxes • domain values: measurement of units, dimensions
Knowledge-Based Mediation:Sharing • Sharing Rules:AtomicConcept <= Constraints /\ DTD • Examples: Specialisation, Unit Conversion
Knowledge-Based Mediation: Sharing • Sharing Rules:AtomicConcept <= Constraints /\ DTD • AtomicConcept <--> DTD all kinds of graph mappings, e.g. renaming, projection, • Lifting • Causal relation between a common aggregated concept and the set of associated local context (DTDs) • ComposedConcept(_,Subconcept1,...,Subconceptn) <= FusedConstraints /\ DTD1 /\ ... /\ DTDn • Linearisation of composed concepts
Knowledge-based Mediation: • (Automatic) synthesis of lifting rules • graph rewriting, constraint fusion, using sharing rules
Knowledge-based Mediation: Method • Transformation: Selecting concepts that match graph-paths, rewriting query, using ADT graph • Decomposition of logical query into queries to individual resources and composition of results • Interpreting lifting rules, background knowledge by reasoning, constraint-solving yields atomic queries • Locating suitable resources using facilitator KB • Wrapping, distributing, querying XML resources • Integrating returned results into CLP. Non-satisfiability causes backtracking.
Discussion (Some Related Work) • Mediator systems • KOMET,HERMES logic, deduction for mediator • Focus largely on uniform access to DBs • Ontology-based semantic access • ONTOBROKER • Framelogic for encoding of ontologies • Generation of DTDs directly from ontologies
Discussion (New Results) • Lifting rules and viewpoints: • Flexible framework for loose integration • Graph encoding of XML data, DTDs and concepts • Natural models for knowledge sharing • Construction of wrappers is straightforward • Canonical term encodings provide efficient procedures • Constraints as meta-knowledge • Essential for the automatisation of design tasks • Rewriting, constraint-solving is automated