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Classification

Classification. Modern Biology Chapter 18. History of Taxonomy. Modern Biology Chapter 18.1. Early classification systems. Taxonomy: branch of science that attempts to name and organize all organisms Originated by Aristotle grouped according to habitat (i.e.: land, air, water)

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Classification

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  1. Classification Modern Biology Chapter 18

  2. History of Taxonomy Modern Biology Chapter 18.1

  3. Early classification systems • Taxonomy: branch of science that attempts to name and organize all organisms • Originated by Aristotle • grouped according to habitat (i.e.: land, air, water) • does not work well

  4. Linnaeus’ system • Used morphology (body form) to group organisms

  5. Linnaeus’ system • Levels of classification • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  6. Linnaeus’ system • Levels of classification • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera P. leo

  7. Linnaeus’ system • Levels of classification • Kingdom Animalia

  8. Linnaeus’ system • Levels of classification • Phylum Chordata

  9. Linnaeus’ system • Levels of classification • Class Mammalia

  10. Linnaeus’ system • Levels of classification • Order Carnivora

  11. Linnaeus’ system • Levels of classification • Family Felidae

  12. Linnaeus’ system • Levels of classification • Genus Panthera

  13. Linnaeus’ system • Levels of classification • species P. leo

  14. pneumonic devices to help you remember • ( Dumb) Kids Playing Catch On Freeways Get Squashed. • pneumonic devices to help you remember • ( Dumb) Kids Playing Catch On Freeways Get Squashed. • KingsPlay ChessOnFine GrainSand.

  15. Linnaeus’ system • each level is a subset of the previous level • only species is well defined: group of organisms able to produce fertile offspring

  16. Binomial nomenclature • “two word name” Panthera leo Cainis familiaris Pan pan Homo sapiens Felis domesticus Drosophila melanogaster Crotalus horridus

  17. Binomial nomenclature • genus and species are used • names should be underlined or in italics • genus is always capitalized, species never • in Latin all nouns are caps and all adjectives are not. • Genus is a noun, species an adjective Drosophila melanogaster

  18. Binomial nomenclature • genus and species are used • example: Canisfamiliarus is “familiar (or common) dog”, while Canis lupus is “wolf dog” I’m not a dog- I’m a rat on a string!

  19. Binomial nomenclature • usually names describe either the organism or the egotistical discoverer

  20. Binomial nomenclature • examples: • Chaos chaosis an amoeba who never is the same shape twice

  21. Homo sapiens means “wise man”

  22. Binomial nomenclature • examples: • Ornithoscatoides decepiens is a spider that looks like bird poop • ornith means bird; scat means poop; oides means “ish” • decepiens means mimic or deceiver

  23. Binomial nomenclature • phylogeny: evolutionary history • current system used by biologists

  24. Modern Phylogenetic Taxonomy Modern Biology Chapter 18.2

  25. Systematics • phylogenetic approach to taxonomy

  26. Systematics Phylogenetic tree: family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist between organisms

  27. Tools of Systematics • the fossil record • never used alone

  28. Tools of Systematics • Morphology • for organisms with fairly complete fossil histories this is used • homologous features • may be difficult to find or separate from analogous features

  29. Tools of Systematics • Embryological patterns of development • patterns of embryonic development may give clues • blastula: fluid filled ball of cells

  30. Embryological patterns of development • blastopore: indentation in ball of cells sometimes form mouth end, other times forms anus end of digestive system • mouth end in protostomes (mouth first) (most animals) • anus end in dueterostomes (mouth second) (echinoderms and chordates)

  31. Tools of Systematics • Chromosomes and macromolecules • analyze differences in RNA and DNA to determine relation • only differences in chimps and humans are • one of the chromosomes in humans is homologous to two smaller chimp chromosomes • six inverted chromosome segments

  32. Chromosome 7 Comparison

  33. Cladistics • uses shared derived characteristics • derived characteristic: feature that apparently evolved only within the group under consideration • examples: feathers in birds, hair in mammals

  34. Cladistics • cladograms: ancestry diagrams based on shared characteristics (synapomorphies) • leads to many nontraditional groupings • birds, crocodiles and dinosaurs are more closely related than any of them is to snakes and lizards

  35. Classical Groupings The old The new

  36. Modern Cladistical Groupings The old The new

  37. Modern systems of classification Modern Biology Chapter 18.3

  38. The three-domain system Bacteria Archaea Eukarya The six-kingdom system Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia The traditional five-kingdom system Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

  39. Old School

  40. New School

  41. Kingdoms chart- hybrid version

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