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Class 16

Class 16. Midterm exam—10/25—discussion on 10/18 Final exam—discuss Term paper approach Assign WA Ch 6, 15—10/18 Term paper approach—11/1. Term Paper Approach. Overview. Term Paper Proposal—submitted and approved Term paper will present a well-reasoned argument for your claim

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Class 16

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  1. Class 16 • Midterm exam—10/25—discussion on 10/18 • Final exam—discuss • Term paper approach • Assign • WA Ch 6, 15—10/18 • Term paper approach—11/1 Mary Jean Harrold

  2. Term Paper Approach Mary Jean Harrold

  3. Overview • Term Paper Proposal—submitted and approved • Term paper • will present a well-reasoned argument for your claim • will conclude with policy proposal for broader plan of action or a call to action • Next step in term paper is the Term Paper Approach • beginning of your term paper • consists of heading, introduction, detailed outline of main body of the paper (to describe the approach), and summary of opposing views to your claim Mary Jean Harrold

  4. Term Paper Approach (11/1) (1) • Heading (centered at the top of the page) and containing • Title of your term paper • Course number, section, and semester • Your name • A blank line • Term Paper Approach • The date Example My Great Term Paper CS 4001C Fall 2007 Mary Jean Harrold Term Paper Approach November 1, 2007 Mary Jean Harrold

  5. Term Paper Approach (11/1) (2) • Introduction • See Chapter 3 of WA for more details • Include • Attention grabber • Explanation of issue and required background • Your thesis • Forecasting passage for rest of paper Mary Jean Harrold

  6. Term Paper Approach (11/1) (3) • Detailed outline • Should reflect the research you’ve done (and will do) • One way is to formulate because clauses and then support them with resources (e.g., papers you’ve read, Web sites you’ve read, interviews you have or will conduct, and surveys you’ve done) • In this Term Paper Approach, you’ll describe the approach you have taken or will take to support the because clauses Mary Jean Harrold

  7. Term Paper Approach (11/1) (4) • Summary of opposing views • Outline opposing views • Approach to responding to those views Mary Jean Harrold

  8. Logical Structure of Arguments Mary Jean Harrold

  9. Argument Core of an argument • Logos—internal consistency, logical, best reasons, supporting evidence • Pathos—make reader open to message, appeal to their values, engage them emotionally • Ethos—enhance my credibility, present myself effectively Mary Jean Harrold

  10. Argument Core of an argument • Logos—internal consistency, logical, best reasons, supporting evidence • Pathos—make reader open to message, appeal to their values, engage them emotionally • Ethos—enhance my credibility, present myself effectively Mary Jean Harrold

  11. Quick Quiz Name 1. Write three questions that would be appropriate from today’s reading assignment: Writing Arguments, Chapter 5 2. Answer these questions Mary Jean Harrold

  12. Overview • Real-world argument not formal logic • Differences between formal logic and real-world argument Mary Jean Harrold

  13. Overview • What are examples of arguments in which beliefs, assumptions, and values are shared by audience and can remain unstated? Mary Jean Harrold

  14. Overview • What is an enthymeme? Mary Jean Harrold

  15. Overview • Consider argument “<complete> ” • What is underlying assumption of this argument? • Complete it by stating unstated assumption • Initial enthymeme: • Claim: • Stated reason: • Unstated reason: Mary Jean Harrold

  16. Overview • Consider argument “Rabbits make good pets because they are gentle” • What is underlying assumption of this argument? • Complete it by stating unstated assumption • Initial enthymeme: “Rabbits make …gentle” • Claim: “Rabbits make good pets” • Stated reason: “Because they are gentle” • Unstated reason: “Gentle animals make good pets.” Mary Jean Harrold

  17. Overview • Consider argument “Practicing piano is good for kids because it teaches good discipline” • What is underlying assumption of this argument? • Complete it by stating unstated assumption • Initial enthymeme: • Claim: • Stated reason: • Unstated reason: Mary Jean Harrold

  18. Overview What car should we buy? • We should buy a Geo Metro because it is extremely economical. • We should buy a used Volvo because it is very safe. • We should buy this Ford Escort because it is red. How would we support these arguments? Mary Jean Harrold

  19. The Toulmin System Enthymeme An incomplete logical structure Toulmin’s model • All assertions and assumptions are contestable by “opposing counsel” • All final “verdicts” about the persuasiveness of alternative arguments will be rendered by a neutral third party, a judge or jury. Implications of Toulmin’s model for argument • Must anticipate counter arguments and question assumptions • Must be fair in representing the other side • Must make sure our argument is not constructed just for those who already agree with us Mary Jean Harrold

  20. The Toulmin System Enthymeme An incomplete logical structure Toulmin’s model • All assertions and assumptions are contestable by “opposing counsel” • All final “verdicts” about the persuasiveness of alternative arguments will be rendered by a neutral third party, a judge or jury. Implications of Toulmin’s model for argument • Must anticipate counter arguments and question assumptions • Must be fair in representing the other side • Must make sure our argument is not constructed just for those who already agree with us Mary Jean Harrold

  21. The Toulmin System (cont’d) Example Initial enthymeme: We should buy this used Volvo because it is extremely safe Claim: We should buy this used Volvo Stated Reason: because it is is extremely safe Unstated Reason: because we should buy the car that is the safest In Toulmin’s system, the unstated reasons are warrants Warrant: The safest car is the best car Mary Jean Harrold

  22. The Toulmin System (cont’d) Example Initial enthymeme: We should buy this used Volvo because it is extremely safe Claim: We should buy this used Volvo Stated Reason: It is extremely safe Warrant: The safest car is the best car How do we support the reason and warrant? Mary Jean Harrold

  23. The Toulmin System (cont’d) Example Initial enthymeme: We should buy this used Volvo because it is extremely safe Claim: We should buy this used Volvo Stated Reason: It is extremely safe Warrant: The safest car is the best car How do we support the reason and warrant? Support stated reason with grounds (evidence, what you have to go on---facts, statistics, data, testimony, interviews, surveys, …) Support warrant with backing (for audience who may not share the unstated claim, why do you believe this, how do you know this…) Mary Jean Harrold

  24. The Toulmin System (cont’d) Example Initial enthymeme: We should buy this used Volvo because it is extremely safe Claim: We should buy this used Volvo Stated Reason: It is extremely safe Grounds: Warrant: The safest car is the best car Backing: Mary Jean Harrold

  25. The Toulmin System (cont’d) Example Initial enthymeme: We should buy this used Volvo because it is extremely safe Claim: We should buy this used Volvo Stated Reason: It is extremely safe Grounds: Warrant: The safest car is the best car Backing: How do we address the resistant audience Conditions of Rebuttal: • Rebutting reasons and grounds • Rebutting the warrant and backing Qualifier since cannot usually prove your argument, qualify it Mary Jean Harrold

  26. Exercise Use Toulmin’s scheme to help determine what you have to consider in developing the following enthymeme Practicing Piano is good for kids because it teaches discipline Mary Jean Harrold

  27. Audience-based Reasons • Audience-based VS writer-based • Discussion: • What is the warrant • Will audience grant it? • Audience: a beleaguered parent • I should be allowed to stay out until 2 A.M. because all my friends do • I should be allowed to stay out until 2 A.M. because only if I’m free to make my own decisions will I mature Mary Jean Harrold

  28. Who is Your Audience • Who is your audience? • How much do they care about your issue? • What is your audience’s current attitude toward your issue? • What will be your audience’s likely objections to your argument? • What values, beliefs, or assumptions about the work do you and your audience share? Mary Jean Harrold

  29. What Will Be Your Audiences in the Next Five Years? In each case, for what are you trying to argue? Mary Jean Harrold

  30. What Will Be Your Audiences in the Next Five Years? In each case, for what are you trying to argue? • A company where you want to get a job • A boss whom you want to convince about your project. • A project leader whom you want to convince about your design. • A customer whom you want to convince about your plan for developing their software. • A graduate school where you want to enroll. • A teacher whom you want to convince to pass you Mary Jean Harrold

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