How Wolves & People Domesticated Each Other, & How Dogs Helped Enable Civilization Steve Hall

1. Wolves, Dogs & People How Wolves & People Domesticated Each Other, & How Dogs Helped Enable Civilization Steve Hall Adirondack Wildlife Refuge & Rehab Center www.AdirondackWildlife.org 977 Springfield Rd., Wilmington, NY

2. Wolves, Dogs & People • People in Pre-History • People & Wolves • Wolves & Dogs • Dogs & People • Genetics • Dogs & Civilization Adirondack Wildlife Refuge & Rehab Center www.AdirondackWildlife.org Terry Hawthorne

3. People in Pre-History www.AdirondackWildlife.org

4. Setting the Pleistocene Stage • 2.5 million to 11,400 years ago • Glaciers advanced and retreated eleven times • Ocean levels dropped and rose in response • Glacial Maximum 20,000 years ago • Interglacial Ocean rises restricted intercontinental movement, while enabling intracontinental movement • Neanderthals, large mammals and their predators spread across the north • Glacial Ocean drop enabled intercontinental movement, while restricting intracontinental movement • Neanderthals and wildlife were driven out of the north, placing them in the path of expanding homo sapiens. www.AdirondackWildlife.org

5. Genus Homo - Humans Out of Africa • Homo Habilis in Africa • 2.3 to 1.4 million years ago • Homo Erectus: Africa, Asia & Europe • 2.2 million to 140,000 years ago • Common ancestor with Habilis? • Homo Neanderthalensis • 150,000 to 30,00 years ago in Europe & Mid East • Homo Sapiens • African genesis 200,000 years ago • Small group of Wanderers became Humanity’s Adams & Eves, leaving Africa 60-100,000 y.a. 1. Homo Sapiens, 2. Neanderthal, 3. Early Hominids, Wiki www.AdirondackWildlife.org

6. How Genus Homo Changed History • Mastered Fire • Warmth • Cooking, about 250,000 yrs ago • Security from dangerous Predators • Short-faced Bear • Saber Toothed Cat • Dire Wolf • Larger social groups made pre-Homo frugivore diet unsustainable • Learned to scavenge Meat • Hunting game Incredibly Dangerous • Made Crude Tools and Weapons • Erectus shows evidence of the “Throwing” Shoulder • Neanderthals Converse & create totems? • Homo Sapiens Developed Language & Animistic Religion – Oral Tradition? • Pre Historic Cultures are extremely war-like www.AdirondackWildlife.org

7. Dire Wolf Mark Hallett, Paleoart • Pleistocene wolf • Most common mammalian find in LaBrea Tar Pits • Larger than Grey Wolf • Driven to extinction about 10,000 years ago www.AdirondackWildlife.org

8. People & Wolves www.AdirondackWildlife.org

9. Competing & Living with Wolves • Competed for meat with Wolves & other predators • Learned to steal Meat from Wolves • Inadvertently Provided Meat for Wolves and other Scavengers at the Bone Pile • Took in occasional orphaned wolf pup • Wolves became early warning system for dangerous predators or intruders • Provided Meat for Wolves at the Campfire • Accidental tactical cooperation during hunting, with each exploiting the other species strengths & tactics • Unnatural, forced selection led to dogs • Geographical, Topographical & Glacial Isolation drove diversity in humans & their “dogs” www.AdirondackWildlife.org

10. Cree at 2 years www.AdirondackWildlife.org

11. Cree & Steve www.AdirondackWildlife.org

12. Cree & Steve www.AdirondackWildlife.org

13. Zeebie www.AdirondackWildlife.org

14. Wolves & Dogs www.AdirondackWildlife.org

15. Wolves and Dogs • Wolf Packs are Families • Wolves are territorial • Wolf packs are hierarchical • Dogs are like Wolves. • Emotionally Transparent • Living in the Moment • Dreams & Actions • Cats and Dogs • Wolves are like People. • Mom & Dad are the “Breeding Pair” • Dogs are like Us. www.AdirondackWildlife.org

16. Dogs & People www.AdirondackWildlife.org

17. Dogs & People • Dmitri Belyaev 1959 experiment with selecting & breeding tame silver foxes • Less adrenaline in Tamer foxes • Shorter limbs & tails • Floppy ears & curly tails • Left gaze bias in both Humans & Dogs • Sympathetic bias towards infant faces • Neotonousselection for breeding • Oxytocin release in dogs & owners • Heart attack survival & occurrence • Wolfs bark or “woof” as a warning • Dogs developed barking to communicate with us • 500 million dogs in the world, about 500k wolves Silver Fox, Wiki www.AdirondackWildlife.org

18. Dogs & People • Natural Selection: Survivors Breed • Unnatural selection, or “Eugenics”: Selected Traits Predominate & Become Exaggerated • Decline of nature’s fitness restrictions allows alternate phenotypes, or “funny” looking dogs, to survive and breed • Dogs were selected for cooperation, for responding to our social queues • Dog’s olfactory orientation married to our visual orientation • Tandem Repeaters more prevalent in Canids • Physical Traits may be controlled by fewer genes, making selective breed alteration easier to achieve… • …..While messing up pure breeds: 1 in 4 have genetic issues with recessive genes expressed. • Independence from seasonal weather affects estrus frequency • 80% of 300-400 breeds developed in last 130 years www.AdirondackWildlife.org

19. Genetics DNA (Template) → RNA (Codon; sequence of 3 nucleotides) → Amino acid(s) → Polypeptide (Protein) www.AdirondackWildlife.org

20. The Speed of Evolution via Natural or Unnatural Selection Increases as the Rate of Mutations Increase Between Each Breeding • With Regards to Canines, a high rate of mutations occurs due to: • Tandem Repeaters • Repeatable DNA sequences with a relatively high rate of mutations • Canids have a much higher rate of tandem repeaters than other carnivores, and most other mammals • SINE Elements • Elements that leave one chromosomal location and insert themselves into another • Canids have at least 11,000 SINE elements, humans have less than 1,000 www.AdirondackWildlife.org

21. How to cause a mutation 101:1. Change in DNA Sequence2. Change in mRNA Codon3. Change in Amino Acid Produced4. Change in Protein Structure (Mutant Protein) *The mutant protein may cause: No change Different physical trait Improved function - Evolutionary advantage Reduced function -Evolutionary disadvantage Uncontrolled cellular division - Cancer www.AdirondackWildlife.org

22. Zeebie www.AdirondackWildlife.org

23. Alex & Zeebie www.AdirondackWildlife.org

24. Alex & Zeebie www.AdirondackWildlife.org

25. Dogs & Civilization Hunting, security, load pulling, pest control, scavenging, food www.AdirondackWildlife.org

26. Stages of Civilization www.AdirondackWildlife.org

27. Plant Domestication Table http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/a/plant_domestic.htm www.AdirondackWildlife.org

28. Animal Domestication Table http://archaeology.about.com/od/dterms/a/domestication.htm www.AdirondackWildlife.org

29. Alex with Cree & Zeebie www.AdirondackWildlife.org

30. Alex & Zeebie www.AdirondackWildlife.org

31. Zeebie www.AdirondackWildlife.org

32. References & Interesting Information www.AdirondackWildlife.org

33. Family Album www.AdirondackWildlife.org

34. Cree & Zeebie www.AdirondackWildlife.org

35. Cree Puppy Shots www.AdirondackWildlife.org

36. Cree at 6 months www.AdirondackWildlife.org

37. Cree at 6 months www.AdirondackWildlife.org

38. Cree at 2 years www.AdirondackWildlife.org

39. Cree at 3 years www.AdirondackWildlife.org

40. Zeebie at 10 months www.AdirondackWildlife.org

41. Zeebie at 16 months www.AdirondackWildlife.org

42. Zeebie at18 months www.AdirondackWildlife.org

43. Cree & Zeebie with Alex Say Goodnight Boys! www.AdirondackWildlife.org

44. Thank You! Adirondack Wildlife Refuge & Rehab Center www.AdirondackWildlife.org 977 Springfield Rd., Wilmington, NY 12997 1-855-Wolf-Man