Green Gold of The East: A light Review of Syzygium aromaticum By Tumbur Hutabarat

1. Green Gold of The East: A light Review of Syzygium aromaticum By Tumbur Hutabarat

2. HISTORY TAXONOMY ECOLOGY AND HABITAT BUD’S FEATURE COMPOSITION TOXICITY COMPOSITION USAGES PRODUCTION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE THE LAST PART OF SWOT ANALYSIS

3. Cloves Come Into Our Lives 220 – 206 BC,. In Han period, the great Emperor of China recommended every court official to chew on cloves before consulting with or addressing the Emperor to make sure that his breath was clean 176 AD, Cloves were imported into Alexandria from the East 335 AD – 4th Century, Constantine the Great sent 45 kilograms of cloves to Saint Sylvester I, neatly packed in jars. Cloves were well –known in the Mediterainia. 8th Century, Cloves became an expensive commodity in Europe During the ninth century at the wealthy monastery of Sankt Gallen in Switzerland, monks sprinkled cloves on their fasting – fish. In 973, an Arab traveler, Ibn Jaqub found the burghers of Mainz seasoning their meals with cloves. During the twelfth century, Saint Hildegard discussed cloves in her book about medicinal plants.

4. 1511, Francisco Serrao reached the Moluccas and settled in the clove island of Ternate.The Portuguese were quick to out compete the Arab spice merchants and establish their own monopoly using fortified trading posts, treaties with island rulers and naval bases. In sixteenth century, Portugal was conquered by Spain and Dutch drove out Portuguese from Moluccas and then a new imperialism based on cloves was started in the Island. Cornelius van Houten returned in 1597 to Amsterdam with huge cargo of spices and more than twenty ships full of cloves arrived in the following year. Dutch only allowed certain areas for growing the clove trees while plantation sites cultivating clove trees but considered difficult to control were burnt down. At least 60,000 natives were killed during acquisition of clove plantation in Molucca (Swahn, 1991). In 1773, Piere Poivre managed to smuggle sixty clove plants with fast sail through the isle of Jibby of the Moluccas to Mauritius. Two of the stolen trees bore fruit in 1775. Plants were taken to Cayenne about 1789 from whence they were introduced into Dominica, Matinique and other West Indian islands. In 1820’s, Smith sent a total 55,265 plants to Penang and extensive plantations were made in Penang, Singapore and Malacca. British introduced the clove plants to some extent in Sri Lanka, India, and Tahiti after wards At the same token Sultan Said bin Sultan forced plantation owners to plant clove trees under threat of confiscation of their land and more of the area of Zanzibar and Pemba was planted with clove trees by 1820’s (Purseglove, 1968).

5. Taxonomy Division: Magnoliophyta Vernacular: cloves (Eng.), clou de girofle (Fr), cengkeh (Ind.), klabong pako (The Phil.), lay-hnyin (Bur.), khan phluu (Camb.), dinh huwowng (Viet.), do:k chan (Laos), kruidnagel (Dutch), nelke (German), lavang (Gujarati). Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Myrtales Family: Myrtaceae Genus: Syzygium (Eugenia) Species: aromaticum Obscure organo-graphical differences between Eugenia and Syzygium but anatomically, the differences are quite apparent. Syzygium Eugenia Anatomic Features Position of the Maturation flowers on inflorescence Predominantly Lateral Centripetal Predominantly terminal Centrifugal Usuallypanicles or cymes Usuallyracemes Structure of the inflorescence Usually distinctly rough Discreteness of the cotyledon surface of the seed coat Usually fused smooth Transeptal frequently to other carpellary bundles Axile, not united with other carpellary Bunddles. Pathway of vascular supply to ovules connection of the dorsal bundles

6. Ecology and Habitat Indigenous to Ternate, Tidore, Mutyr, Makyan and Bachian of the Moluccas. Best with insular, maritime climates in the tropics at low altitudes. Annual rainfall is 218 – 355 cm and temperatures 24 – 33C. The tree is slender and can reach up to 15 m tall, conical when young, later becoming cylindrical, in cultivation usually smaller and branched from the base. Seedlings are raised immediately after harvesting because the seed may lose its viability within few weeks. Clove yields increases until the tree is about 20 years and it will be productive until 80 years. Flowers are hermaphrodite, with fleshy hypanthium, reddish in color surmounted by 4 fleshy triangular sepals; 4 petals, have numerous stamens, have ovary embedded in hypanthium and short style; stamens and style fall after pollination. Flowers are visited by bees and are probably cross-pollinated.Seeds are oblong, about 1.5 cm long, grooved on one one surface. Flowers are formed twice a year

7. Transectional picture of a clove Note: A, Penang clove; B, Zanzibar Clove; C, fruit; D,stalk, E, clove cut longitudinally; F, transverse section of Hyphantium; G, portion of anthers; H, Surface view petals; a, stamens; ae, aerenchyma; al, anthers love; c, columnella; cr, cluster crystal of calcium oxalate; e, epidermis; h, hyphanthium; o, ovules; og, oil gland; p, imbricated petals The contents of the oil glands are soluble in alcohol and are blackened by treatment with alcoholic ferric chloride Cluster crystals of calcium oxalate occur in many parenchymatous cells.

8. Chemical Composition of Clove: • volatile oil, 14 to 20%; • gallotannic acid, 10 to 30%; • oleanolic acid; • vannilin; • eugenin; • extraneous materials Clove oils are composed of: Eugenol (80-95%), eugenyl acetate (1-5%) and beta caryophyllene (4-12%). Clove oils are colorless or slightly yellow liquid, but when exposed to air and aging, they become darker.

9. Toxicity Oral administration of both clove oils and eugenol orally has an LD50 of 3720 and 500 mg per body weight of tested rats, respectively. Usage as Flavoring Agents Food: Curry Powder Mix, Seasoning Mix, Pudding and Tarts, Sousing ham and Herring, Betel and warm alcoholic drinks. Cigarette: Both dried stems and flower buds are used for “kretek” cigarette. Tooth-paste Perfume Carriers Semi – Synthetic vanillin Together with dried orange: alternative to Mothballs and lavender bags

10. Usage for Medicinal Purpose Panacea: dental anesthetic, carminative, vermifuge, emmenagogue, tonic, stomachic, anti-emetic, anti-nauseant, febrifuge and, when applied locally, analgesic and anti-rheumatic. Antiseptic and disinfectant Temporary dental filling: when compounded with zinc oxide Dental wash: inhibitory to the growth of Porphyromonas gingivlis and Prevotellaintermedia. Usage for Disinfectant Antifungal: Asperggillusflavus,Aspergillus parasiticus, T. castaneum, Aspergillus versicolor • Mice and Rabbits Trials: • Anti cytomegalovirus (CMV) • Anti-HVS-1

11. Usage as souvenirs Production and International Trade of Cloves Top 5 Producers: Indonesia China India Malaysia Brazil Top Four Importers: USA Japan European Union Unit price: Stable since 1994 – 1998, was 0.964 US $/Kg

12. Threats for the Industry Pathogens: Fungus: Valsa eugenia, Psedomonas syzygii, Phyllosticta syzygium and Guigordia hevea Virus: Cryptosporellaeugeniae Insects: Saissetieaeugeniae and Oecopphyllasmaragdina • Actions should be taken: • Wise choice of pesticides and insecticides • Maintaining genetic diversity of Sygium aromaticum • Biological control based on plant – plant – pest interaction. • Screening for superior cultivars

13. Menu of The Day for You Honey Whiskey Clove-Glazed HamMakes 12 servings. 3/4 cup honey 1-1/2 Tbsp bourbon whiskey 1/2 tsp ground cloves 1 bone-in, fully cooked, spiral sliced ham (about 5 pounds) Combine honey, bourbon and cloves in small bowl until well blended. Place ham, cut-side down, in roasting pan; brush with honey mixture. Cover pan with foil and bake at 275° F about one hour or until heated through. Remove foil from ham and increase oven temperature to 425°F. Brush with honey mixture. Bake about 10 minutes more or until ham is golden brown. Remove from oven and place on serving platter. Pour juices over ham. Thank you and It is for you, menu of the The Day: Honey, Whisky, Cloven Ham