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French Colonialism

French Colonialism. Since the beginning of the 1800’s, French missionaries had been active. Catholics had a hard time incorporating religion into Vietnamese culture. Ancestral land, Buddhism, and Confucianism strongly entrenched.

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French Colonialism

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  1. French Colonialism • Since the beginning of the 1800’s, French missionaries had been active. • Catholics had a hard time incorporating religion into Vietnamese culture. • Ancestral land, Buddhism, and Confucianism strongly entrenched. • Rejection of western technology enhanced the ability of the French to take control. • History of struggle for nationalism could not keep up with French military technology.

  2. As early as the 1850’s, Vietnamese partisans began to appear. Many led by Buddhist monks. Many engaged in guerrilla tactics and hide in the marshes of the Mekong Delta. French used uprising as justification to intervene in Vietnam. French under Napoleon III had additional motives. Wanted imperial glory. Wanted to acquire markets for French goods. Wanted raw materials. Wanted to expand trade with China. Wanted to compete with the British.

  3. French Intervention • French Navy attempted (1858) to take and hold Tourane (Danang). • Unable to conquer area (monsoon and disease). • Moved to southern region (Saigon), completed take over in 1862. • Hue signed over Saigon and 3 provinces. • Hoped Mekong would be trade route for all of Southeast Asia. • By 1867, French had conquered all of southern Vietnam. • Called it Cochin China.

  4. By 1883, imperial court at Hue signed a treaty turning all of Vietnam over to the French. • Vietnamese people however did not submit easily to French imperialism. • By the end of the 1800’s, the French finally crushed all opposition and secured hold on Vietnam. • France also imposed a protectorate over Cambodia and Laos.

  5. 1893, France organized the French Indochinese Union. • Divided area into 5 parts. • Cochin China (southern Vietnam). • Annam (central Vietnam). • Tonkin (northern Vietnam). • Cambodia. • Laos. • French ruled directly, initially with military personnel as administrators. • Imperial family reduced to ceremonial functions.

  6. Union capital at Hanoi. • Most French nationals who emigrated to Vietnam settled in Cochin China. • Saigon called “Paris of the Orient”. • French investments concentrated in Cochin China and were profitable. • Vietnamese continued rebellion against new colonial invasion. • Failed because it lacked unified direction. • French able to piecemeal uncoordinated regional groups. • Also focused only on the military, neglecting political efforts to mobilize mass support. • Persecuted Vietnamese Catholics. • French brutality- principle of “collective responsibility”.

  7. Effects of French Colonialism • Heavy investment in rice, rubber and coal. • Exported under French companies. • Vietnamese economy remained agricultural. • Industrial development discouraged. • Internal improvements to support colonialism, no interest in long term development. • Already low standard of living gets worse. • Closed schools, abolished Chinese influence, formed a “romanticized” alphabet and French was the official language. • 80% of the population would be illiterate after 60 years of French rule.

  8. Phan Boi Chau-wanted to create a powerful emperor (with the help of the Chinese and Japanese) to bring together opposing forces in order to defeat the French. Around 1900, two ideas emerged. Resistance

  9. Traveled to Japan and met with other Asian nationalists. Wrote a book on revolutionary Vietnam. Created Viet Nam Duy Tan Hoi (Association for the modernization of Vietnam) to agitate merchants, students, and middle class. Helped create East Asia United League-composed of nationalists from other Asian nations. Captured by the French in 1925, some believed communists turned him in. Important: Created a vehicle for mobilizing insurgents. Created connection with other Asian militants.

  10. Phan Chu Trinh-wanted to cooperate with the French to develop modern democracy in Vietnam. Traveled to Japan with Phan Boi Chau and rejected the Japanese as imperialistic. Appealed to French “enlightened philosophers” to create democracy in Vietnam. Opened school in Hanoi teaching both Asian and western languages and classics. Arrested by French in 1908, exiled to Paris for 10 years, died in Saigon in 1926.

  11. Both movements failed: Phan Boi Chau because it lacked broad peasant support. Phan Chu Trinh because he believed “enlightened French” would help, France only wanted exploitation.

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