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Colonialism

Explore the impacts of colonialism on the New World and Asia, from the conquests to the struggles for independence. Learn about key events such as the Sepoy Rebellion, Indian Independence, and the race for Africa, shaping the modern colonial and post-colonial world.

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Colonialism

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  1. Colonialism Colonialism

  2. Colonial Conquests: the new World • 1492 Columbus’ discovery • 1493 Pope Alexander VI divides New World between Spain and Portugal—largely ignored • Conquest, forced labor, and disease—10-100 million dead • 1550 Debate at Valladolid—do Indians have souls?

  3. Drawing from Bartolome de Las Casas’ work

  4. Latin American Colonial Independence • Spurred by American example, independence movements sweep much of Latin America from 1810-1820

  5. Colonialism in Asia: India • Beginning 1490s, colonized by many European powers • By 1750s, Britain predominant European power, ruling by means of the East India Company

  6. Negligent famine • In 1750s and then 1870s incompetence by British led to famines killing millions

  7. Attempting to Overthrow the British Raj • 1857 “Sepoy Rebellion” “first war of Independence” was crushed

  8. Gandhi and the Congress Party • 1920 Gandhi calls for boycott of British goods, refuse to pay taxes, peaceful protest • Calls it off when crowd kills police—through fasting • 1930 Gandhi leads “salt march” • Growing rift between Congress and Muslim League—advocate a split

  9. War and Independence • Britain (without consultation) enters India in WWII, as they had WWI • Some leaders of Congress Party side with Germany and Japan • 1947 amid continuing protests, Britain agrees to independence—secular India, Muslim Pakistan

  10. Aftermath • In first 2 years of independence, over 1 million die in communal violence • Over 10 million flee

  11. India and Pakistan

  12. Kashmir—most dangerous place on earth?

  13. Divergent paths to independence • Gandhi vs Fanon

  14. Colonialism and China • From 1600s to 1800s Chinese Emperors limited Western trade and contact to two ports • Increasingly weak dynasty tried to prohibit importation of opium • 1830s-1850s China lost two “Opium Wars” • Forced to give up Hong Kong, allow missionaries, and all trade

  15. 19th century humiliation of China • European powers and Japan carved up China into “spheres of influence” and treaty ports

  16. Reaction: “Boxer Rebellions” of 1900 • Members of a Chinese nationalist society attacked foreigners, missionaries, and Chinese Christians • Eight nation alliance sends 50,000 troops to put down rebellion

  17. Nationalist Revolution of 1912 • Sun Yat-Sen overthrows discredited Ching dynasty, declares a republic, and attempts to reduce foreign influence

  18. Chinese “Imperialism”: Tibet • From 17th Century until 1959, Tibet governed by “incarnations” of the Dalai Lama • PRC invaded in 1949, taking control in 1959—”liberating” a backwards society—”Sinification” • 14th Dalai Lama has ceded political power to newly democratic government also in exile in India

  19. da • http://ia300103.us.archive.org/0/items/tibet_gnn/tibet_bb.mov

  20. Also the Uyghers in Xinjiang Province

  21. Race for Africa • Beginning in 1870s, competitive territorial claims across Africa • 1884-5 Berlin conference

  22. Example 1: Rwanda • 1890s Rwanda colonized by Germans • After WWI, goes to Belgians, under League of Nations mandate • Belgians favor Tutsi minority • 1962 becomes independent—Hutu dominated • 1990s increased fighting between Hutu and Tutsi • 1994 Hutu president killed, genocide begins • http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/hotel_rwanda/trailers.php

  23. Example #2: Democratic Republic of Congo • 1870s—claimed as the personal property of King Leopold II of Belgium • 1908 Embarrassed by Leopold’s brutality, Belgian parliament purchases Congo

  24. Evil and Good

  25. Recent history of the Congo • 1960 Patrice Lumumba elected prime minister, killed with assistance from CIA • US and Belgium install Mobutu • 1990s Congo becomes scene of Africa’s “world wars” • 2006 Internationally sponsored elections • Issue of “conflict diamonds and conflict gold” http://hrw.org/video/2005/gold/

  26. Example #3—Liberia • 1820s American association sends free blacks back to Africa, formed Republic • 1980s military coup overthrew republic--dictator assisted CIA • 1997s Charles Taylor elected—being tried now for crimes against humanity • 2005 first woman in Africa elected head of govt

  27. The Presidency of Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/liberia/essays/uspolicy/index.html

  28. Example #4 Rhodesia/Zimbabwe • Cecil Rhodes: "I contend that we (the British) are the finest race in the world; and that the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for the human race".

  29. Rhodesia • 1890s natives expropriated and white rule established under Rhodes’ BSAC • 1965 Britain refused to grant independence w/o majority rule—white Rhodesian’s declared themselves independent • 1980 after 10 years of fighting, Mugabe elected president in internationally supervised elections

  30. Mugabe’s Zimbabwe • One party rule • White farmers’ lands redistributed • Economic free-fall

  31. Colonial World

  32. Post colonial world • 1945--roughly 50 countries • now roughly 200

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