Industrial Geography

1. Industrial Geography

2. The Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century and continues today • Involves a series of inventions leading to the use of machines and inanimate power in the manufacturing process • Engages whole societies in seemingly limitless multiplication of goods and services • Stimulates rapid bursts of human inventiveness • Leads to population increase and redistribution • Results in massive, often unsettling, remodeling of the environment

3. Regions of Primary and Secondary Activity

4. Secondary Activity • Most of the world’s industrial activity has traditionally been located in MDCs of the mid-latitudes • Parts of Anglo-America, Europe, Russia, and Japan • In the U.S., industries originated in a region called the American Manufacturing Belt located in the Northeast

5. Manufacturing occupies the central core of Europe, surrounded by a less industrialized periphery

6. Japan’s industrial complex lies around the shore of the Inland Sea and in the southern part of the country

7. Industrial Regions of the U.S. Why do high-tech industries have a distribution different from that of more traditional manufacturing?

8. Life before the Industrial Revolution • People were concerned with the most basic of primary economic activities • People acquired the necessities for survival from the land • Society and culture was overwhelmingly rural and agricultural • Before 1700 virtually all manufacturing was carried on in two systems, cottage and guild industries, both of which depended on hand labor and human power

9. Origins of the Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution arose among back-country English cottage craftspeople in the early 1700s • First: human hands were replaced by machines to fashion finished products • Second: human power gave way to various forms of inanimate power

10. Beginnings of Industrial Change • Machines were driven by water power, burning of fossil fuels

11. Demographic Effects of the Industrial Revolution 1701 1911 Population patterns in England before and after the Industrial Revolution

12. Early Shoe Factory • Men and women became tenders of machines instead of producers of handmade goods

13. Women Factory Workers Women entered the labor force.

14. Diffusion of Industrial Revolution • For a century, Great Britain held a virtual monopoly on its industrial innovations • Government actively tried to prevent diffusion • Gave Britain enormous economic advantage • Contributed greatly to growth and strength of British Empire • Continental Europe received its impact in last half of the nineteenth century

15. Diffusion of railroads across Europe provides a good index of the spread of technology and the Industrial Revolution Was diffusion hierarchical or contagious?

16. Diffusion of Industrial Revolution Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution changed cultures in much of the world.

17. Diffusion beyond Great Britain • Industrial technology finally diffused beyond the British Isles • United States began rapid adoption of new technology about 1850 • About 1900, Japan was the first major non-Western country to undergo full industrialization • Early in the 20th century, industrialization spread into Russia and Ukraine • In the second half of the 20th century, countries such as Taiwan, South Korea, China, India, and Singapore joined the manufacturing age

18. Artist’s View of Industrialization • Poets and artists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reacted strongly to the emerging landscape. Have we tacitly agreed to the ongoing destruction of the planet in exchange for living comfortably today?

19. Industry creates a landscape, not for beauty, but for profit and utility • Renewable resource crises • Deforestation • Open-pit mines • Strip-mining • Overfishing • Industrial landscapes • Air and water pollution • Acid rain • Greenhouse effect and ozone depletion

20. Deforestation Most intensive clearing in East Indies and Brazil; commercial lumber interests largely responsible

21. Primary Industrial Landscapes Open Pit Mine Slag Heap Evaporation Ponds

22. Coastal and Urban Pollution

23. Acid Rain • Acid rain is capable of poisoning fish, damaging plants, and diminishing soil fertility • By 1990 over half of all forests showed damage

24. Acid Rain • Much of the pollution in Canada originates from American industries Deposition levels of 20 kg/hectare are generally considered dangerous for some ecosystems.

25. Greenhouse Effect • Greenhouse Effect is produced by the burning of fossil fuels • Carbon dioxide is just one absorbing gas involved in the greenhouse effect • It contributes to a thermal imbalance and global heating

26. Ozone Depletion • The upper atmosphere ozone layer shields humans and other forms of life from most harmful solar radiation. • The ozone decrease in the Antarctic was first detected in the 1980s, and in the Arctic in the 1990s.

27. Radioactive Pollution • Invisible, but potentially the most serious form of pollution • A large part of Europe received radioactive isotopes on April 26, 1986

28. The Future of Industrialization? • If we cannot be certain that global warming and ozone depletion are caused by industrial activity rather than being natural fluctuations or cycles, should we take action or simply wait and see what happens? • Is it possible that our modern industrial way of life may prove a maladaptive strategy in terms of cultural ecology?

29. Industrial Location Source:www.eih.uh.edu/air/ tfors/industry.jpg

30. Manufacturing: Regional Patterns • Patterns: • Evenly spaced or random • Clustered or linear • How can we explain these patterns and their spatial arrangement?

31. Basic Assumptions in Location Decision-Making • People are economically rational • Producers and sellers are intent on maximizing profit • Best economic decisions result from market mechanisms: • Price of land, labor, raw materials, energy, transportation • Price is a function of supply and demand

32. Weber’s Theory of Location • Alfred Weber, German economist • General theory (1909) is applicable to any economic, political or cultural system. • Goal is minimum cost location • Three categories of variable costs: • Transportation • Labor • Agglomeration

33. Weber’s Theory of Location • Assumptions: • Isotropic plain: uniform topography, climate, technology, and economic system. • One finished product with one market • Fixed location of raw materials and market site • Labor is fixed, but available in unlimited quantities at production site • Transport is uniform and costs are a function of weight and distance

34. Weber’s Theory of Location Transport costs: • Single market and single source: • Ubiquitous material results in location at the market • Pure material allows processing at market, source, or an intermediate location • Weight-losing material will be processed at the source to avoid transporting waste material

35. Weber’s Theory of Location Transport costs: • One market and two sources: • Equal distance and shipping costs dictates a market location • Two weight-losing materials results in an intermediate location

36. Weber’s Theory of Location Labor Costs: • Location chosen always has least combined costs • A location may have higher transport costs, but less expensive labor

37. Weber’s Theory of Location Agglomeration: • Weber recognized that clustering will result in a per unit savings • Shared benefits • Facilities • Labor force • Infrastructure • Services • Raw materials

38. Weber’s Theory of Location Limitations of the Theory: • There are geographic variations in market demand • There are terminal costs • Transport costs are becoming less of a factor • Labor is mobile and does not exist in unlimited quantities • Plants often produce a variety of outputs for many markets

39. Weber’s Theory of Location Additional Contemporary Considerations • Access to capital • Access to technology • Friendly regulatory environment • Political stability • Land cost • Inertia

40. Location Theory – Key Terms Review • Material-oriented manufacturing • Weight loss or perishability • Market-oriented manufacturing • Weight gain or perishability • Footloose • Industrial inertia

41. Review What is Weber’s theory of location? • What are the three factors of location? • What are the assumptions of Weber’s theory? • Explain how the three factors relate to the theory. • Are there any drawbacks to the theory?

42. Economic Base • The economy of every place is made up of two broad categories of activity • Basic activities … • Production of goods or services for “export” beyond the local place • Creation of an inflow of money into the local economy • “Engine” of economic growth in local economy • Non-basic activities … • Production of goods or services for consumption within the local economy • Recycling of existing money within the local economy • Sustains internal functioning of the local economy

43. Basic Sector • The basic sector is made up of local businesses (firms) that are entirely dependent upon external factors • Local resource-oriented firms (e.g., logging or mining) and manufacturing are usually considered basic sector firms because their economic success depend largely upon non-local factors and they export most of their goods. • e.g., Agriculture, Mining, Tourism, Federal government, Manufacturing (partly)

44. Non-basic Sector • The non-basic sector is composed of those firms that depend largely upon local business conditions • e.g., a local grocery store sells its goods to local households, businesses, and individuals • Almost all local services are identified as non-basic because they depend almost entirely on local factors • e.g., Retail, Commercial banking, Local government, Local public schools, Services

45. Economic Base • The total economic structure of a place is the sum of its basic and non-basic activities • Most cities specialize in just one or a few basic activities • Functional specialization allows classification of cities • e.g., manufacturing, retail, wholesale, transportation, government, etc. • Our mental images, i.e., our sense of place, of certain cities reflects their functional specialization • Certain large central cities may perform many different basic activities, and thus have a “diversified economy”

46. Basic/Non-basic Ratio • Most economic activities cross over to some degree • Assuming a clear separation in activities … • Basic/non-basic ratio is roughly equivalent for cities of similar size • As a city grows, non-basic activities increase faster than basic activities • e.g., in a city of 1 million, there are about 2 non-basic jobs for every 1 basic job • An increase of 10 basic jobs results in a total increase of 30 jobs (10 basic + 20 non-basic) • The addition of non-basic workers in association with new basic jobs is called a multiplier effect

47. Urban Growth • Growth of urban centers is, to some degree, self-generating because growth attracts service activity • Basic activity attracts services • New services attract additional services • As an urban center becomes larger, an ever larger proportion of the workforce is employed in non-basic activities

48. Urban Decline • If a basic activity declines or closes … • the demand for non-basic activities will also decline • The decline of non-basic activities occurs with a lag time due to people’s reluctance to leave a place the has become “home” • e.g., resistance of service activities to leave the NE Manufacturing Belt as basic activities either close or relocate

49. Basic and Non-basic Ratio • Calculating a ratio between basic and nonbasic activities … • Provides insight into a city’s economic base • Forms a basis for determining future employment trends (multiplier effect) • Enables urban and regional planners to forecast future land use and population characteristics • Facilitates examination of regional spatial connectivity in terms of basic employment and associated commodity flows • Provides a conceptual view of the city

50. Labor supply • Labor-intensive industries — those for which labor costs form a large part of total production costs • Include industries depending on skilled workers producing small objects of high value —computers, cameras, and watches • Manufacturers consider several characteristics of labor in deciding where to locate • Availability of workers with necessary skills • Average wages • Worker productivity