CMSC691C Multimedia Networking A Course Overview

1. CMSC691C Multimedia NetworkingA Course Overview Padma Mundur CSEE, UMBC pmundur@csee.umbc.edu

2. List of Topics • Multimedia Networking: Source Representations, Networks, and Applications • Multimedia Compression Fundamentals & Coding Standards • Scalable Video Coding for Heterogeneous Networks • Fundamentals of IP Routing • IETF QoS Efforts • Existing Solutions for Scalable Multimedia QoS

3. The Telephone (Voice) Network • Circuit switched network: • Analog (since1890): manually switching • Digital: voice  bit stream (64 Kbps) • Better channel utilization by time-divisionmultiplexing: • Reservation fixed for the whole transmission A C B

4. The Internet (Data) Network • Packet-switched network: • packets share resources (buffers, links) • reservation not fixed, but on-demand • multiple links (connectivity, reliability) • buffers (store, process, forward) • control information in packets (s,d,seq#)

5. Internet Users Growth Source: www.isc.org • 1B mobile users by 2005 and 1B Internet users by 2005 • 90% of all new mobile phones will have internet access by 2003 (Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, May 2000)

6. VoIP Video Conference Internet Video Clip Attachment Wireless Browsing E-mail Movies Streaming Information Search Music Streaming Digital Photos Finance, Brokerage Multimedia over IP Networks

7. Multimedia Networking Applications • Media Broadcast: simultaneous pushing of content to multiple recipients • Network IP Multicast – Multicast enabled routers and switches • Hosted Streaming: content users initiate requests and content networks/providers push content through network • Interactive Conferencing: no centralized source of contents

8. Internet Multimedia Broadcast over IP IP (internet protocol) makes it possible to link all (global) nodes together independent of applications and terminal devices content provider clients

9. Multicast capable • More Robust • Access to Storage • Relieves Web Server • Standalone player • Java based player • Browser plug-in player • Appliance Proprietary Format Media Server Audio Video Animation Send Stream To Clients Media Encoding Clients • Decode • Buffer • Sync. Send Request to Media Server Send Request To Servers Web Server Hosted Multimedia Streaming To hear or view a media file without downloading it

10. Internet Bandwidth concern for multipoint interaction Interactive Conferencing and Meeting Server

11. Meeting Client Token How A Server Distributes the Data Meeting Token Holder

12. Meeting Client Token Dynamic Token Passing Old Token Holder New Token Holder

13. Source Bandwidth (Hz) Sampling Rate Bits per Sample Bit Rate Telephone Voice Wideband speech Wideband audio (2 channels) B/W documents Color Image CCIR-601 (NTSC) CCIR-601 (PAL) SIF (standard) CIF (common) QCIF (quarter) 200—3400 50—7000 20—20,000 8000 samples/sec 16,000 44.1 Ks/sec 300 dpi (dots/inch) 512x512 720x480x30 720x576x25 360x240x30 352x288x30 176x144x7.5 12 14 16/channel 1 24 24 24 12 12 12 96 Kbps 224 Kbps 1.412 Mbps (2 channels) 90 Kb/inch2 6.3 Mb/image 248.8 Mbps 248.8 Mbps 31 Mbps 37 Mbps 2.3 Mbps Multimedia Signals and Bitrates

14. Audio & Video Quality Requirements

15. IP Networks • IP uses packet switching • Suitable for unexpected burst of data without establishing an explicit connection. • Bandwidth is shared statistically so data can be sent at any time. • IP is not reliable nor delay-bounded. • Best effort • Queuing delay, especially when congested. • Network failures can cause temporary packet loss. • Time critical applications cannot operate well due to large e-mail attachments and Web surfing • Delay and jitter degrade voice and video performance

16. Multimedia Signals • Text • Speech • Audio • Image (B/W and color) • Video • Graphics & Animation • Documents (various formats)

17. Image & Video Coding Standards • Combination of lossy (transform coding) and lossless (run-length, Huffman, Arithmetic coding, LZW, etc) coding techniques along space and time. • JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group • Still image compression, intraframe picture technology • Motion JPEG (MJPEG) is sequence of images coded with JPEG • MPEG - Moving Picture Experts Group • Defined by ISO/IEC, several standards MPEG1, MPEG2, and now MPEG4 • H.263/H.263+/H.26L - Videophone/Conferencing • Low to medium bit rate, quality, and computational cost defined by ITU • Used in H.320 and H.323 video conferencing standards

18. Quantize Zig-zag 011010001011101... Huffman Code Run-length Code A Complete JPEG Encoding DCT

19. From Image to Video Coding • Intra-frame compression (similar to JPEG) • Remove redundancy within frame (spatial) • Inter-frame compression (motion compensation) • Remove redundancy between frames (temporal) • Rate Control (constant bit-rate or constant SNR)

20. Video Coding Standards • MPEG1 – VHS quality, VCD (1992) • CIF images, 4:2:0 sampling, 1.5 Mbs, Frame encoding • MPEG2 - broadcast quality, HDTV and DVD (1994) • CCIR 601 images, 4:2:2 sampling, 4-15 Mbs • Interlaced and progressive scanning, Frame and field • H.261 for videotelephony (p=1,2) & videoconferencing (p>= 6) (1992) • Improve JPEG through temporal redundancy • H.263 – low bitrate video coding (1995) • Half pixel motion compensation, 4 (optional) modes • Optimized VLC tables & better motion vector prediction • H.26L(H.264) – flexible, high quality video applications (2002) • 1/4 pixel accuracy for MC, 7 different block sizes for ME/MC • Residual coding uses 4x4 blocks & an integer transform

21. MPEG-4: An Emerging Standard • For multimedia applications • Interactive natural & synthetic contents • Various access conditions: low bit-rate, error prone, heterogeneous (scalable) • Management and protection of media contents • Standard • 1st generation (1998-2000): 1st+2nd versions, frame based content creation & communication, 64-384 Kbps, mobile videophone (3G and IP) and digital camcorder • next generation (2001-): upto 2Mbps, frame/object based, scalable streaming, interactive set-top box

22. Heterogeneous IP Networks • Adaptive Rate Control • Scalable Coding • Real-time bandwidth estimation • Receiver feedback • Adaptive Multicast control

23. Video Scalable Coding • Why a scalable video codec? • Compression efficiency • Robustness with respect to packet loss • Adaptation to the changing bandwidth • Techniques of scalable video coding • Temporal • Spatial • Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) • Data Partition • Wavelet • Fine Granularity Scalability (FGS)

24. users network Application Transport Network Physical IP Stack: A Layered Architecture Web (HTTP), E-mail (SMTP), File transfer (FTP), Name resolution (DNS), Remote terminal (TELNET), … Reliable multi-connection bit-stream (TCP), unreliable multi-connection (UDP). Unreliable end-to-end delivery of packets up to 64 KB. Point-to-point links (PPP, SONET, …), LANs (Ethernet, FDDI, wireless, …)

25. Hello Hello IP Network Router Router Router Router Router Router Router Router Router IP Packet Routing: Delay and Loss

26. FIFO - First In First Out queuing, definitely not compatible with QoS since high priority packets can get stuck behind low priority packets Queuing and Scheduling (1)

27. Priority Scheduling - services higher priority queue whenever there are packets present, can lead to starvation of lower priority queues Queuing and Scheduling (2)

28. Custom Queuing (or Weighted Round Robin Scheduling) - services all queues (with different service time) within a traffic class, round robin assuring that all queues get appropriate treatment Queuing and Scheduling (3)

29. Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) - queue is serviced based on a weight proportional to the bandwidth dynamically allocated to it Queuing and Scheduling (4)

30. Congestion Control & Queue Discard • Tail Drop • Drops arriving packets when buffers in queue are full, can lead to network meltdown due to TCP global synchronization • RED = Random Early Detection • Queuing algorithm for congestion avoidance that randomly discards packets from queues in an attempt to prevent TCP retransmits simultaneously on all flows

31. Yellow Drop Threshold Red Drop Threshold Queue Limit Congestion Control & Queue Discard • WRED = Weighted Random Early Discard • A variant of RED that attempts to weight queues for random early discard • Tri-Color Marking (deterministic)

32. IP QoS and Multimedia • Quality of Service (QoS) methods aim at trading quality vs. resources to meet the constraints dictated by the user, the functionality and the platform. • QoS originally developed in network communication, and recently extended to the domain of multimedia communication. • QoS relevant in multimedia scalable systems, where the resources and the functionality can be controlled by a set of parameters.

33. IP Quality of Service (QoS) • Techniques to intelligently match the performance needs of applications to available network resources • QoS Metrics • availability • delay (latency) • delay variation (jitter) • throughput (average and peak rates) • packet loss

34. IETF IP QoS Efforts • Policy based IP QoS Solutions • Integrated Services (RSVP protocol): flow based • Differentiated Services (DiffServ byte settings): packet based • Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS): flow+packet based • IP Multicast and Anycast • IPv6 QoS Support

35. Connection Oriented QoS • Int-Serv (Integrated Services): IETF RFC 1633 • Defined by RSVP requires resource reservation at each hop end-to-end for each IP packet flow, and end-to-end signaling along nodes in the path • Reserve resources at the routers so as to provide QoS for specific user packet stream • This architecture does not scale well (large amount of states) • Many Internet flows are short lived, not worth setting up VC

36. Integrated Services / RSVP • Sender sends a “PATH” message to the receiver specifying characteristics of traffic • every intermediate router along the path forwards the “PATH” message to the next hop determined by the routing protocol • Receiver responds with “RESV” message after receiving “PATH”. “RESV” requests resources for flow

37. Connectionless QoS: IP Diff Serv • Mark IP packet to specify treatment: IETF RFC 2474, e.g., first class, business class, coach, standby • Per Hop Behaviors (PHBs) based on network-wide traffic classes • Flows are classified at the edge router based on rules, and are aggregated into traffic classes, allowing scalability • Diff Serv uses the IP header TOS byte (first 6 bits), which is renamed the DS field • Diff Serv defines code points (DSCP) for the DS field, DE (default) = 000000 = best effort, and EF (Expedited Forwarding) = 101110 = low latency, etc.

38. DS Domain DS Domain DiffServ Operation • Each ISP configures its own routers to match the service that it offers, and each ISP has its own DiffServ Domain. Customer Site ASP email Video Voice PHB PHB PHB SLA (service level agreement) SLA SLA Edge Router Interior Nodes

39. MPLS Fundamentals • MPLS is a forwarding scheme that tags packets with labels (independent of layers 2,3) that specify routing and priority (IETF RFC 3031) • Enables scalability by alleviating IP over ATM problems • Defines a homogeneous network based upon label-switching • Requires all devices (i.e., ATM switches) to be capable of routing • Enables differentiated services via QoS-aware label switched paths (LSPs) • Designed to run over a wide range of media • ATM, frame relay, and Ethernet

40. Unicast Host Router Multicast Host Router Unicast/Multicast

41. Multimedia IP Multicast • Why multicast? • When sending same data to multiple receivers • Better bandwidth utilization • Lesser host/router processing • Receivers’ addresses unknown • Applications • Video/audio conferencing • Resource discovery/service advertisement • Media streaming and distribution

42. IP Multicast Service Model • IETF RFC 1112, each multicast group is identified by a class D IP address • Range from 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255 • Well known addresses designated by Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) • Reserved use: 224.0.0.0 through 224.0.0.255 • Members join and leave the group and indicate this to the routers • Multicast routers listen to all multicast addresses and use multicast routing protocols to manage groups

43. 128-n bits who you are where you are connected to n bits What IPv6 can Offer? • Global Addressing (128 bits): • 1 million networks per human • 20 hosts per m2 of Earth • Plug and play: • Efficient mobility (instant-on ad-hoc networking)

44. IPv6: Key Features and Advantages • Increased Address Space (128 bits) • Efficient and extensible IP datagram • Improved host and router discovery • Plug and Play • Enhancements for Quality of Service (QoS) • Improved Mobile IP support • Coexistence with IPv4 • Built in security (authentication and encryption) in IP layer

45. IPv6 Support of QoS • IPv6 Flow Labels provide support for Data Flows • Packet Prioritizing-- sure that high priority traffic is not interrupted by less critical data • IPv6 supports Multicast & Anycast • Multicast delivers data simultaneously to all hosts that sign up to receive it • Anycast allows one host initiate the efficient updating of routing tables for a group of hosts.

46. Existing Scalable MulticastSolutions • Content Distribution Networks • Receiver-Driven Layer Multicast (RDLM) • Source Adaptive Multi-Layer Multicast (SAMM) • Filtering Method • Destination Set Grouping (DSG) • Multiple Description Coding (MDS) of Multimedia

47. Distributing Content to the Edges • Adding backbone bandwidth is not the best solution, the last mile (edge) connection is even more critical. • How to direct traffic to the site (routing) and resolve the appropriate server (load balancing) that will perform best for a particular query (front-end content delivery). • How to keep content updated efficiently (back-end content delivery)

48. Getting Contents to the Edge • Caching (on-demand “pull”) • Contents may be “pulled” from another proxy cache in the hierarchy or the origin of the contents. • Problems: stale content delivery, hit statistics loss, dynamic contents • Replication (changes made on the origin server) • Updates are “pushed” to replica using a “back-end” content delivery system. • The origin server is in total control (database keep track of content changes), with scalable architecture (multicast or packet-relay).

49. Getting Contents to the Edge • Resolution Problem • The best site: geographic vs. network proximity (quickest service) • Domain Name Service (DNS) criteria: # of authoritative servers (domain) hops, # of router hops, health/load of site, round trip latency, packet loss rate, etc. • Hybrids of Caching/Replication • Reverse Proxy Cache: all queries directed to proxy caches by load balancer for front-end delivery. • Pre-Filling of Proxy Caches: parts of the Web site are pre-filled to the cache – i.e., replica in proxy cache form

50. Content Distribution Network (CDN) • Service providers using proprietary caching/replication technologies to build overlay networks (internet or satellite) to deliver contents – application level multicast