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Biology 1/18/11

Biology 1/18/11. New learning Targets & Table of Contents Chapter 9 Read and Define vocabulary 9.1 PS Lab 9.1 Notes 9.1. Energy in a Cell. Chapter 9. Cells Using Biochemical Energy. Essential for life: Active transport Movement Photosynthesis Protein Synthesis Cellular respiration

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Biology 1/18/11

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  1. Biology 1/18/11 • New learning Targets & Table of Contents Chapter 9 • Read and Define vocabulary 9.1 • PS Lab 9.1 • Notes 9.1

  2. Energy in a Cell Chapter 9

  3. Cells Using Biochemical Energy Essential for life: • Active transport • Movement • Photosynthesis • Protein Synthesis • Cellular respiration • All other cellular reactions

  4. 9.1 What Is ATP? • Energy used by all Cells • Broken down into: • 1. Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)-1 phosphate group • 2. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) – 2 phosphate groups • 3. Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)- 3 phosphate groups

  5. Chemical Structure of ATP Adenine Base 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar *ATP contains two, high-energy phosphate bonds *Also contains the nitrogen base adenine & a ribose sugar

  6. What Does ATP Do for You? It supplies YOU withENERGY!

  7. How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

  8. How Does That Happen? An Enzyme that breaks the phosphate bonds! ATPase

  9. How is ATP Re-Made? The reverse of the previous process occurs. Another Enzyme is used! ATP Synthetase

  10. The ADP-ATP Cycle ATP Synthetase ATP-ase

  11. More on ATP • Cells Have Enough ATP To Last For A Few Seconds • ATP must constantly be made • ATP Transfers Energy Very Well • ATP Is NOT Good At Energy Storage

  12. 9.2The Photosynthesis Equation • Definition????

  13. Photosynthesis • Is the process that plants use to trap the sun’s energy and build carbohydrates such as glucose, that store energy

  14. Autotrophs Plants and some other types of organisms that contain chlorophyll are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food.

  15. Pigments • In addition to water, carbon dioxide, and light energy, photosynthesis requires Pigments • Chlorophyll is the primary light-absorbing pigment in autotrophs • Where is chlorophyll found? • Why are leaves green?

  16. Light and Pigments • Energy From The Sun Enters Earth’s Biosphere AsPhotons • Photon = Light Energy Unit • Light Contains AMixture Of Wavelengths • Different Wavelengths HaveDifferent Colors

  17. Photosynthesis has 2 Phases: 1. Light Dependent Reaction – convert light energy into chemical energy which then helps to fuel the next step • occurs in the chloroplasts in the membranes of the thylakoids disks. • Light Independent Reaction – produces glucose • takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast

  18. Light Dependent Reactions • Occurs across the thylakoid membranes • Uses light energy • Produce Oxygen from water • Convert ADP to ATP • Also convert NADP+ into the energy carrier NADPH

  19. Inside A Chloroplast Light dependent rxn

  20. Electrons are energized and passed to the Electron Transport Chain Lost electrons are replaced from the splitting of water into 2H+, free electrons, and Oxygen 2H+ pumped across thylakoid membrane Photosynthesis Begins

  21. Light Dependent Reaction

  22. Function of the Stroma GEL LIKE MATERIAL • Light Independent reactions occur here • ATP used to make carbohydrates like glucose • Location of the Calvin Cycle

  23. Inside A Chloroplast Light independent rxn Light dependent rxn

  24. Light Dependent Reaction

  25. Energy Carriers • Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP+) • NADP+ = Reduced Form • Picks Up 2 high-energy electrons and H+from the Light Reaction to form NADPH • NADPH carries energy to be passed on to another molecule

  26. Photosystem I High-energy electrons are moved to Photosystem I through the Electron Transport Chain Energy is used to transport H+ from stroma to inner thylakoid membrane NADP+ converted to NADPH when it picks up 2 electrons & H+

  27. Phosphorylation Enzyme in thylakoid membrane called ATP Synthetase As H+ ions passed through thylakoid membrane, enzyme binds them to ADP Forms ATP for cellular

  28. Light Reaction Summary Reactants: • H2O • Light Energy Energy Products: • ATP • NADPH

  29. Light Independent Reaction • ATP & NADPH from light reactions used as energy • Atmospheric C02 is used to make sugars like glucose and fructose • Six-carbon Sugars made during the Calvin Cycle • Occurs in the stroma

  30. The Calvin Cycle

  31. The Calvin Cycle • Two turns of the Calvin Cycle are required to make one molecule of glucose • 3-CO2 molecules enter the cycle to form several intermediate compounds (PGA) • A 3-carbon molecule called Ribulose Biphosphate (RuBP) is used to regenerate the Calvin cycle

  32. Photosynthesis Overview

  33. Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis • Amount of available water • Temperature • Amount of available light energy

  34. 9.3 When is ATP Made in the Body? During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals

  35. Cellular Respiration • What is it????? • 3 stages • Glycolysis (anaerobic) • Citric acid cycle aka Kreb Cycle (aerobic) • Electron transport chain (aerobic) …….What is Aerobic? Anaerobic?........ • Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced • Breakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules

  36. Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 YIELDS 6CO2 + 6H20 + e- + 36-38ATP’s

  37. What Carries the Electrons? • NAD+(nicotinadenine dinucleotide) acts as the energy carrier • NAD+ is a coenzyme • It’s Reduced to NADH when it picks up two electrons and one hydrogen ion

  38. Are There Any Other Electron Carriers? • YES! Another Coenzyme! • FAD+(Flavin adenine dinucleotide) • Reduced to FADH2

  39. What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration? • Glycolysis • The Krebs Cycle aka Citric Acid Cycle • The Electron Transport Chain aka ETC

  40. Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place? • It actually takes place in two parts of the cell: Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle & ETC Takeplace in the Mitochondria

  41. Diagram of the Process Occurs across Cristae Occurs in Cytoplasm Occurs in Matrix

  42. Glycolysis Diagram

  43. Glycolysis Summary *Takes place in the Cytoplasm *Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen) *Requires input of 2 ATP *Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid *Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA and CO2 is removed

  44. Review of Mitochondria Structure • Smooth outer Membrane • Folded inner membrane • Folds called Cristae • Space inside cristae called the Matrix

  45. Krebs Cycle Summary • Requires Oxygen (Aerobic) • Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle • Turns twice per glucose molecule • Produces two ATP • Takes place in matrix of mitochondria

  46. Krebs Cycle Summary • Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces 3NADH, 1FADH2, and 2CO2 • Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP

  47. Krebs Cycle ATP NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2

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