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Understanding Particle Physics: Exploring the Fundamental Structure of Matter

Discover the world of particle physics and why we build large machines like those at CERN and Fermi Lab. Explore the concept of atoms, the fundamental constituents of matter, and the need for high-energy colliders to study their structure. Learn about the interactions between particles, the existence of virtual particles, and the role they play in mediating forces.

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Understanding Particle Physics: Exploring the Fundamental Structure of Matter

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  1. What is particle physics?

  2. Why do we build the machine?

  3. CERN Why do we build these big machines, big smashers?

  4. Detector

  5. USA Fermi Lab Why do we build these big machines?

  6. What is the world made of? What holds it together? Fundamental Constituent Structure Of the material nature

  7. 到了西元前五世紀，Leucippus 和Democritus 提倡所有物質都是由微小而永恆不可分割的粒子組成，他們叫這粒子Atom─原子. “在這世界上，可以看到顏色，可以聞到氣味，可以嘗到甜味，可是真實存在的只有原子和空間。”

  8. Why do we need high energy collider to study the fundamental structure? 1st reason To see the details, you need to get closer.

  9. To get closer, you need higher energy, faster particles.

  10. 2nd reason Energy can transfer into mass and generate new heavier particles.

  11. But ???? SR allows these new particles to be produced E→M, but also allow these particles to decay M→E. Heavier particles usually don’t exist in nature. They decay.

  12. Only four stable particles in nature Neutron Proton Electron Photon

  13. They made up the world. Nucleus Atom Solids Molecule Why stirs trouble by producing heavy new particles?

  14. Particles get partners-Antiparticles 1st reason

  15. 2nd reason We need invisible particles to describe visible interaction!!!! Force at a distance Mediating field

  16. Virtual Particles Mediate an interaction Virtual particles only exist for a short time, but can be responsible what happens in real life, just we don’t see it directly. So heavy particles (they could be virtual) do matter.

  17. Electromagnetic interaction Photon

  18. Feynman’s Diagram

  19. Attraction is harder to visualize. Let’s say, a cloud of mediating particles traps the two ………

  20. Weak Interaction β Decay

  21. p e ν p n W n Weak interaction is weak because the mediation particle W and Z are too heavy.

  22. Weak Interaction through Z particle

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