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Chapter 10 Beliefs

Chapter 10 Beliefs. Why to have religion?. Religions. Offer a way to rejoice, to give thanks Provide comfort, a community, a moral code, traditions Give to the needy. Religions. The Golden Rule: to treat the others the way you want to be treated

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Chapter 10 Beliefs

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  1. Chapter 10 Beliefs

  2. Why to have religion?

  3. Religions • Offer a way to rejoice, to give thanks • Provide comfort, a community, a moral code, traditions • Give to the needy

  4. Religions • The Golden Rule: to treat the others the way you want to be treated • Believe in a supreme power: monotheism, polytheism, spirits, ghosts, goddesses, nature

  5. Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?Paul Gauguin, 1897–1898

  6. The UK population: by religion, April 2001

  7. Religious composition of ethnic groups, April 2001, England & Wales

  8. The Knowledge Contest!

  9. The Catholic Faith in Jesus • Half of the world’s Christians • Infants are baptised shortly after birth • Coming-of-age ceremony at ages 13-15 • Priests and bishop officiate • Christ’s teachings in the Bible’s New Testament

  10. The Catholic Faith in Jesus • “Sign of the Cross”—the Holy Trinity • Father—God, Son—Jesus, Holy Spirit—presence of God • Eucharist—sacred ritual of Holy Communication — Lord’s Supper • Visual churches

  11. The Catholic Faith in Jesus • To worship Jesus with all 5 of their senses • Music for the ears, • Incense for the nose, • Statues and art for the eyes, • Little old ladies reach out and touch something; the beads • To worship Jesus through the taste in communion

  12. Protestant • Each denomination (church group) worships differently • Some—confirmations at ages 13-15 • Some baptise infants to wash away old sin • Roger Williams—Baptist Church, 1638

  13. The Protestant Reformation • Nearly 16 centuries of unbroken Catholic domination of Christianity, the then wealthiest and most powerful institution on earth • 1302, a formal decree—no salvation outside the Roman Catholic Church • The Pope—ultimate truth and power, religious or political

  14. BackgroundSerious problems • Turmoil within the Church • Moving from Rome to Avignon, France • New papal tower constructed—symbol of the enormous power of papacy • Fondness of richness and treasure—corruption of the papal core

  15. BackgroundSerious problems • People being disturbed • Violent war between France & England (over a century) • 1347, a massive outbreak of the black plague—25 million Europeans, 4 years

  16. BackgroundSerious problems • In Rome, a second Pope elected • 31 years of battle for control of the church • A third Pope—1409-1415 • The situation eventually resolved

  17. BackgroundDamage • Who to believe? • Arrogance & corruption instead of truth & goodness • Need of reform • Risks of “heresy”: being put on trial or burned at a stake, eg. Johaness Hus: Czechoslovakia

  18. The Reformer • Martin Luther: Germany • Strong religious and political belief • The discovery of Christopher Columbus • The mass production of books

  19. The Reformer • October 31st, 1517, to post a list of 95 criticisms, protesting the sale of indulgences • An indulgence: a spiritual favor granted by the church to sinners • By making difficult spiritual sacrifices • Important source of income for the church

  20. The Reformer • Faith in Bible alone • Refusal to yield to the Pope • 3 revolutionary books sold in Germany • January 3rd, 1521, banished from Church • Translation of the Bible into German

  21. The Reformer • John Calvin: predestination (Switzerland) • A terrible example of the majesty of God • To work hard and be thrifty • Capitalism flourished • A special police force to maintain public morality • Burning heretics

  22. The Reformer • Henry VIII: divorce (England) • The Pope’s refusal to grant him annulment • The enraged king—Act of Supremacy, supreme head of the Church of England • Six wives • The Roman Church’s control of land and demand of more money from Henry VIII • Dissolution of monasteries

  23. The Reformer • After his death • The Common Prayer, Sacraments • 42 articles • Mary I • Elizabeth I

  24. Orthodox • Orthos: "right“; doxa: "belief" • Different in the way of life and worship • Maintaining the correct form of worshiping God, passed on from the very beginnings of Christianity • Ancient Jewish translation into Greek called the Septuagint

  25. Hinduism • It does not have • a single founder, • a specific theological system, • a single system of morality, • or a central religious organization. 

  26. Hinduism • It consists of "thousands of different religious groups that have evolved in India since 1500 BCE." • Henotheistic: a single deity, & other Gods and Goddesses as manifestations or aspects of that supreme God

  27. Judaism • 4000 years ago, Abraham (Iraq) • Abraham’s great-grandson: Yehuda, or Judah (Hebrew: priest) • Rabbi & cantor: coming of age ceremony • The Torah (the Hebrew scriptures) scrolls • The Exodus from Egypt

  28. Judaism • Holidays • Rosh Hashana—Jewish New Year • Yom Kippur—Day of Atonement • Hanukkah—Festival of Lights

  29. Judaism • Jewish Golden Rule: • “What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellowman.” • Torah, Shabbat, 3id

  30. Islam • Prophets: • Abraham, Moses, Noah, Jesus, Muhammed (the final messenger of God) • Islam: submission to God • Muslims, Christians, Jews: same God • Islam & terrorism—Jihad

  31. Islam • Salaama: Arabic for peace • Qur’an—Koran (the exact word of God) • Various cultural practices • Women and the head scarf • Friday: the religious day • Praying 5 times a day, facing Mecca (Saudi Arabia)

  32. Islam • Coming of age: • Boys: 15, praying • Girls: 9, scarf and long sleeves? • Allah/God • Ramadan (fasting) • Imam (supreme leader, prayer leader)

  33. The Five Pillars of Islam • Shahadah: pledge of faith • Salah: daily prayers • Sawm: fasting • Zakah: giving • Hajj: pilgrimage (millions of Muslims)

  34. Muslim Golden Rule • “Love for others what you love for yourself and dislike for others what you dislike for yourself.” • Muhammed (Hadith) • Hadith, the report of the sayings, deeds and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad

  35. Mosque

  36. Sikhism • An Indian religion combining Islamic and Hindu elements • Punjab, late 15th century, by Guru Nanak • Nanak: the first of the Ten Gurus, of whom Sikhs consider themselves disciples

  37. Harmandir Sahib (The Golden Temple)Gurdwara (Gateway to the Guru)

  38. Sikhism • One God for all people of all religions, full equality of all people, of men and women • Living a virtuous and truthful life • Condemnation of blind rituals such as fasting, visiting places of pilgrimage, superstitions, worship of the dead, idol worship etc.

  39. Atheism • An atheist believes there is no god or gods. • An Agnostic believes it cannot be known if a god or gods exist. • Moral code of behavior • Life’s meaning

  40. Taoism

  41. Taoism • A more relaxed and natural way of finding happiness • 300BC • Tao: a silent, pure, all powerful force that existed before there is heaven or earth • Living in harmony with nature

  42. Taoism • Secularisation: ornate shrines, brilliantly-colored statues, offering • Chinese folk gods • Public rituals • Immortality

  43. Lao Tzu • Contrastive unification mutually convertible • Good Fotune Lieth Within Bad, Bad Fortune Lurketh With Good. • A small country with a small population • Daodejing/Tao Te Ching—Classic of the Way and Its Power

  44. Chuang Tzu • The all-in-one idea—Tao as the root and basis for all existence and transformation • Spiritual freedom—I’d rather be dragging my tail in the mud. • Zhuang Zi/Chuang Tzu (Nanhuajing)— • Neipian (Inner Chapters) • Waipian (Outer Chapters) • Zapian (Miscellaneous Chapters)

  45. http://www.theodora.com/wfb/china_people.html • Fangxian Tao—Alchemy and Immortals • Huanglao Tao—Reigns of Wen and Jing (the Western Han Dynasty) • Huangdi (Yellow Emperor) and Lao Zi • Wudoumi Tao (Zhengyi Tao orTianshi Tao) and Taiping Tao • Five Decaliter of Rice Sect & Peace Sect: immortality, spells

  46. http://www.theodora.com/wfb/china_people.html • Quanzhen Tao—Baiyun Temple • 王嚞张三丰 • 马钰、谭处端、刘处玄、丘处机 (The Great Master“大宗师” "活神仙")、王处一、郝大通、孙不二(The Taoist Holy Man“真人”) • Wang Chongyang—the theory of the three religions of the same origin; to cultivate oneself

  47. Buddhism

  48. Buddha • Sakyamuni—Siddhartha Gautama, born on April 8, 464BC, a Hindu prince in India, in search of wisdom through poverty and meditation • Buddha (sanscrit: the enlightened one) • Buddhism—A religion, a discipline, a practice

  49. Buddhism • Suffering • Craving • Dharma • Karma • Reincarnation

  50. Buddhism • Mahayana Buddhism and Hinayana Buddhism (大、小乘 ) • social concern and universal salvation (Japan, Korea, Nepal, Tibet, Mongolia, and China): one for all; heal the world • the non-theistic ideal of self-purification to nirvana (Sri Lanka, Burma, China, and Cambodia): all for one; all by myself

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