Non-Revenue Water Management : The Case of Entebbe , Uganda Presented by Harrison Mutikanga At

1. Non-Revenue Water Management : The Case of Entebbe , Uganda Presented by Harrison Mutikanga At The SWITCH PILOT TRAINING Capital Inn - Entebbe, Uganda 29th July 2010

2. Presentation Outline • Definitions, Terminologies & Problem Identification • IWA Water Balance Methodology • NRW Contributing Factors • Tools for Managing Water Losses • Entebbe NRW Case Study • Conclusions

3. Basic Definitions WATER SUPPLIED (System input Volume) REVENUE WATER (Billed Consumed Water) NON-REVENUE WATER (NRW) - = Water Losses (Real + Apparent) Unbilled Authorised Consumption NRW = + • Physical losses from pipes , joints & fittings (Leakage & Bursts) • Service reservoirs overflows REAL LOSSES = APPARENT LOSSES (Commercial Losses) Meter readings, illegal connections, illegal use =

4. Basic Definitions • Water Losses occur as two distinct types: • Real Losses (Leakage) – physical losses • Apparent (Commercial) Losses: water used by customers but not properly measured and paid for

5. What is the Problem? • Technical: Not all water Supplied by a utility reaches the customer • Financial & Economic: not all the water supplied is paid for • Terminology: Lack of standardized definitions of water and revenue water losses

6. NRW in African Cities Source: (WSP-World Bank, 2009)

7. NRW in Asian Cities (2001) Less than 20% of population served in Delhi gets 24-hr water service • Source: (McIntosh, 2003) Best-Practice Frontier

8. IWA WB Methodology

9. Importance of Water Balance • Provides answers to the following questions: • Why is water lost ? • Where is it lost ? • How is it lost ? • Formulating reduction strategies and prioritizing investments • Tool for communication & benchmarking

10. Contributing Factors to NRW Old infrastructure High Pressures Road Works Abuse of Fire hydrants

11. Contributing Factors to NRW

12. Tools for Managing Real Losses

13. Tools for Managing Apparent Losses

14. Service Reservoir WOA WSZ Distribution Input WTW DMA Meter Service Reservoir DMAs as Leakage ManagementTools

15. Pressure Management as a Tool Source: McKenzie, 2009

16. Network Hydraulic Modeling as a Tool • Leakage analysis • Design pressure management schemes • Network Planning • DMA Optimization • Mains Replacement • Introduce PRV to reduce high pressure and leakage • Increase pressure to reduce low pressure complaints

17. Cost of Water Assessing ELL

18. Entebbe NRW Case Study • Introduction • The performance of Entebbe network • Initiatives undertaken to improve NRW • Benefits • Challenges & lessons

19. Introduction • Entebbe is located 34km south of Kampala • It is the 3rd largest town out of the 22 towns operated by NWSC, • Started operations in 1950 • Estimated area population 215,000 • Service coverage is about 70%

20. Performance History

21. Network Performance

22. System Characteristics

23. Water Balance – 2003 (m3/year)

24. Water Balance – 2007 (m3/year)

25. NRW Performance Indicators

26. Commercial & Physical Loss PIs

27. Leakage Component Analysis

28. Reasons for NRW Improvement

29. Reasons for NRW Improvement • Developed a compressive 5 yr action plan - using a participatory approach & with clear time bound objectives & strategies – (reduce NRW from 32% to 15 % by 2008) • Established a GIS system & carried out comprehensive documentation & mapping the whole network area • Shared experience & information with sister utilities on the challenges & initiatives of NRW reduction – e.g WUP & WEDC forum

30. Reasons for NRW Improvement • Undertook pilot studies of the distribution network & technically isolate 3 discrete zones • Set up of three DMAs – with demarcated customer accounts, • Aligned the organization structure to the Zones and allocated staff & other resources for accountability enhancement (Territorial Management Concept) • Appointed Zonal leaders accountable for the Zones performance • Aligned the billing system with the Zones for easy monitoring • Set targets for each Zone & established an incentive mechanism to drive performance • Carried out regular performance monitoring of the Zones

31. Reasons for NRW Improvement Entebbe Area – District Meter Areas (DMAs)

32. Reasons for NRW Improvement Organization Structure focused on NRW reductions

33. Initiatives to address Leakage • Established a standby 24 hrs leak management unit – speed and quality of repairs –leakage handling efficiency (identified leaks repaired in < 6hrs) • Trained staff on effective leak detection, repair & monitoring (in house & external training) & equipped them with newly acquired leak detection equipments • Established a more pro-active leak detection & repair programme • Sensitized & encouraged the public to vigorously report water leaks/bursts – attached a reward ($1.5 -3) for @ case reported • Computerised the leaks reporting register for easy tracking & monitoring

34. Initiatives to address Leakage • Routine inspection & servicing of valves & fire hydrants • Leak clustering for better monitoring of network condition thus planning for replacement. • Developed a medium term investment plan – replacement of old pipelines of the water distribution network • 12.4 Km of worn out pipes were replaced • more than 60% of the network is currently less than 5 Years old

35. Initiatives to address CL • Carried out investigations to detect & cut–off illegal connections from the mains • Declared Monday an illegal connection day – investigating cases of suspected illegal connections • Worked closely with local communities to identify illegal cases & meter vandalism • Offered incentives/rewards to informers of illegal users – ($32 for commercial, UGX $20 for domestic & $3 to staff) • Established fines/ penalties for illegal connections – $305 + 2 yrs estimated consumption • Established amnesty programmes to woo back illegal consumers

36. Initiatives to address CL • Regular spot checks on large customers & construction sites • Spot checks and auditing of meter readings + rotation of meter readers (every 6 months) • Meter testing in the laboratory and replacing meters that under-register consumption • Universal metering of customer accounts - (all accounts metered & over 70% of the meters are less 6 yrs old)

37. Initiatives to address CL • Prompt updating of customer database –NCs updated within 2 days • Effective disconnection for non-payment - some customers disconnected from the main • Right sizing of meters based on customer demand profiles for effective recording of consumption esp. bulk meters • Introduced New Connection Policy – NWSC procures & install all water pipes & fitting and also maintains the service line – standardization of pipes & fittings - quality

38. Costs and Benefits • Reduced NRW from 32% to 17% – reducing operating costs & saved more water for sales • Reduced leak repair costs – improved network performance • Strengthened staff capacity in water loss reduction • Enhanced public awareness & improved corporate image

39. Challenges • Sustaining and improving performance further (Economic levels of leakage –ELL and Economic levels of apparent losses – ELAL). • Improving the accuracy of the individual components of the water balance for clear prioritisation of actions and investments • Re-zoning the network into hydraulic zones & DMAs • Accurate data for GIS and constructing network hydraulic models • Elimination of Illegal connections – dynamic problem • Appropriate NRW indicators to promote utility benchmarking

40. Lessons Learned • Reducing NRW is an on-going activity and not a one-off exercise • NRW is expensive and needs investment to be reduced - is self financing in the long run. • Combating commercial losses requires less investments but high mgt commitment, community support & appropriate incentives • Pilot area projects are recommended for testing new techniques and quantifying costs and benefits of NRW reduction • Staff involvement & ownership is critical for successful reduction of NRW • Utility performance benchmarking is a powerful tool for reducing NRW.

41. Sustainable Water Services Network Assets Treatment Works Investment Strategy Year 3 Service Levels Shareholders Revenue Collection

42. Conclusions • NRW is a problem for most Utilities worldwide • The water balance & PIs are effective tools for assessment of NRW and for performance benchmarking • The Entebbe case study demonstrates that significant water savings can be made even in developing countries with appropriate technical support and training • Address poor governance & institutional challenges • The Shared experience during this training should be a catalyst for action to save and conserve water

43. Thank you for your Attention Our Shared Objective:“Sustainable water services thru NRW reduction”