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THE NEW SOUTH AND THE FRONTIER

THE NEW SOUTH AND THE FRONTIER. Unit IVD AP United States History. Fundamental Questions. Did the Civil War and Reconstruction solve the nation’s issues? How better off was the nation after the Civil War and Reconstruction?. The “New” South.

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THE NEW SOUTH AND THE FRONTIER

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  1. THE NEW SOUTH AND THE FRONTIER Unit IVD AP United States History

  2. Fundamental Questions Did the Civil War and Reconstruction solve the nation’s issues? How better off was the nation after the Civil War and Reconstruction?

  3. The “New” South The Compromise of 1877 withdrew federal troops from former Confederate states, ended Reconstruction with a promise of development New vision From slave-dependency to self-sufficient and diverse agricultural Industrialization and infrastructure Redemption…

  4. Southern Agriculture Cotton remained the dominant crop Cotton farms doubled Large supply of world’s cotton drove prices down Diversity of crops Peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans Tobacco and cigarette companies

  5. Sharecropping 50% white farmers and 75% black farmers Crop liens kept small farmers in constant debt

  6. Southern Industry Growth of cities in the South Textiles, steel, lumber, tobacco Industrialization spearheaded by cheap labor rates More railroads built and designed on national standards

  7. “Southern” Economy Northern investment control and slow progress kept the South poor Cheap labor wages and sharecropping Poor education attributed to Southern poverty

  8. Redemption Redeemers Rid of Republican state governments White supremacy laissez-faire economics Hamburg Massacre (July 1876) Senator Benjamin Tillman (D-SC) Origin of Bible Belt Instituted Jim Crow laws

  9. Segregation Supreme Court Civil Rights Cases of 1883 Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional Segregation may be practiced by private individuals and businesses Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Established “separate but equal” Jim Crow Laws Established by white Redeemer state governments Legitimized by Plessy v. Ferguson Examples Segregated public facilities and accommodations Disenfranchisement Grandfather clauses Literacy tests Poll taxes

  10. Frontier Thesis Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 The frontier defined the American identity It promoted independence and individualism unlike European conformity and social structure The distinct American political society was a result of surviving the frontier The edge of the frontier was the figurative border of civilization and the wild The loss of the frontier could signal the beginning of social conformity and rigidity

  11. Railroads Drive the Expansion 35,000 miles in 1865 to 193,000 in 1900 Gauge standards connecting various local and national lines Connection of rails to cities, water ports, market centers, Atlantic to Pacific First Transcontinental Railroad (1869) Federal land grants and subsidies Overexpansion and corruption led to consolidation by business moguls

  12. Expansion of Railroads

  13. Settling the West:Mining Frontier Gold and silver from California to Black Hills Comstock Lode in Nevada (1859) Boomtowns and States Most settlers established markets for miners Deadwood, Dakota; Tombstone, Arizona Employed foreign-born miners South Americans brought experience Chinese were cheap labor

  14. Settling the West:Cattle Frontier Vaqueros – Cowboys Cattle in West to Beef Markets in East Cattle trails connect to railways in Kansas Decline Loss of land Homesteader claims Commercial agriculture Environment Overgrazing Cold winters

  15. Settling the West:Farming Frontier Homestead Act of 1862 160 acres for $10 and to live on and cultivate land for 5 years Oklahoma Land Rush (April 1889) Sooners and Boomers Exodusters Southern free/freed blacks Innovation Barbed wire Dry farming Bonanza Farms Outside capital and new machinery led to massive and lucrative farms National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry Movement to better connect farmers amid dreary rural life Cooperatives Stores, elevators, insurance

  16. Manifest Destiny and the Natives Most western tribes based on a nomadic lifestyle and buffalo herds Whites decimated buffalo herds for fur, sport, pests Reservations Concentrations of tribes through separate treaties Tribal chiefs selected by white officials Indian Wars Theaters Sand Creek Massacre (1864) Little Big Horn (1876) Destruction of Colonel George Custer’s unit A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 Nonfiction historical account of government policies toward Natives Purpose was to shed light on atrocities and pursue humane and equal treatment

  17. Reactions Toward and By Natives Assimilation Formal education and religious conversion A “white” education Dawes Severalty Act (1887) Broke up tribal organizations; lands divided into 160 acre plots; citizenship grants; disease, alcoholism, poverty, starvation Ghost Dance Movement Wovoka’s attempt to drive the settlers out through circle dances and chants Wounded Knee (1890) Massacre of Sioux men, women, and children signifying the end of the Indian Wars

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