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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology. Miodrag Bolic Associate Professor School of Information Technology and Engineering University of Ottawa mbolic@site.uottawa.ca. Outline. Introduction to RFID technology Applications Classification of RFID systems

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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology

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  1. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology Miodrag Bolic Associate Professor School of Information Technology and Engineering University of Ottawa mbolic@site.uottawa.ca

  2. Outline • Introduction to RFID technology • Applications • Classification of RFID systems • RFID tags, readers and middleware • Problems with RFID technology • Introduction to RFID standards • Novel RFID technologies

  3. What is RFID? • RFID is an ADC wireless technology that uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a reader and a movable item to identify, categorize, track... • Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a wireless automatic data capture (ADC) technology that comprises small data-carrying transponders ('tags'), and fixed or mobile scanners ('readers'). Tags are attached to or embedded in objects to be identified.

  4. It is used for: • Major application: • detect the presence of tagged objects and/or people. • Identify the objects/people • Other applications: • Tracking objects and people • localization of objects and people

  5. Forecast volume RFID tags – Instat 2005

  6. Host Computer Host Memory Space Antenna Customer-Specific Application Software Application Program Interface (API) Application Program Interface (API) RFID API Software (Communicates with the RFID Reader) Reader Components of RFID systems

  7. RFID System components

  8. tag 01.43200B9.23AE1F.345C4D012 Reader Functionality Reader Functionality • Constantly poll or “interrogate” the space • Communicate with the tags • Translate tag data into events understandable by middleware • Resolve physical-layer communication constraints 1- The Reader sends an interrogation command, which is radiated by the antennas (*) Interface to host computer (RS485, RS232/422, ethernet, 802.11, etc) RFID reader 2- The tag responds to the reader’s command by sending its tag identifier ID: 01.43200B9.23AE1F.345C4D012 antenna 3- The reader communicates the ID read to the host computer.

  9. RFID Technology From: http://www.idtechex.com/products/en/article.asp?articleid=42

  10. EPC Data Standards • Electronic Product Code (EPC) • Uniquely identifies item in supply chain • 96 bit EPC • 268 million companies • Each with 16 million distinct object classes • Each class with 68 billion serial numbers From: http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/Ecommerce/rfid/index.html

  11. Applications • Parcels – Fedex, UPS, DHL (2004) • Retail (Consumer Goods) – Walmart, Metro • Healthcare – Pharmaceuticals, patient tracking • Agriculture – Live stock tracking, perishables • Lifestyle – Amusement Parks, Speedpass(Esso) • Security – Personnel, Assets • Defence – US DoD suppliers

  12. Portal Applications Bill of Lading Material Tracking

  13. Portal Applications • Limited number items at forklift speeds • 8’ X 10’ doorways • Electronic receipt & dispatch • Wrong destination alert • Electronic marking • Pallet/container item tracking

  14. Wireless Batch Fixed Station Hand Held Application Categories

  15. Material Handling By Destination Wireless / Batch Inventory Management Material Handling Aggregate / De-aggregate Application Examples Where is it going? Where has it been? Should it be here? Where is it? What is it? What is inside the box? Material Handling Inspecting / Maintaining Has this been repaired? Is this under warrantee? Has this been inspected? Is this complete? What is the asset’s status or state? What have I assembled or disassembled? How many do I have? Do I have enough?

  16. Classification of RFID systems • the way they obtain power, • the way they transmit data, • the type of EM link formed with the Interrogator • Frequency of operation

  17. Tag Type Selection • Transport • Road tolling • Container tracking • Pallets • Access Control • Logistics Transport - road pricing - train location - fleet management Under development • Item • Carton • Case • Retail • Access Control • Automotive • Immob • Animal-ID • Asset Tagging • Post • Parcel • baggage • libraries LF 125 ~ 134Khz HF 13.56Mhz UHF 868 ~ 928Mhz 2.45Ghz 5.6Ghz active tags passive tags 100kHz 1MHz 1GHz Frequency RFID Tag Spectrum EPC UHF = extended read range

  18. WAVELENGTH Wavelength (m) = Speed of Light (m/s) / Frequency (Hz) FAR FIELD NEAR FIELD FREQ WL1/6 WL LF 134 kHz 1.3 miles 1100 feet HF 13.5 MHz 66 feet 11 feet UHF 900 Mhz 13 inches 2 inches MW 2.45 GHz 5 inches 1 inch NEAR FIELD = Energy storage Field FAR FIELD = Displacement Field Dynasys Technologies Inc Clearwater, Florida USA

  19. Tag technology categories

  20. Performance and feature trade-off

  21. Application vs. Technology

  22. Classifications • Near-field propagation • LF • HF • UHF • Far-field propagation • Narrow band • Wide band

  23. LF Tags

  24. LF tags • very effective at penetrating water and living tissues • used to identify livestock. • inductive coupling to operate, • read ranges are comparable to the size of the reader antenna, • typically a few 10’s of cm (5-10 inches) for a small reader antenna • the tags are composed of many turns of wire around the ferrite core to increase coupling

  25. LF PASSIVE TAGS • TI-RFID (previously TIRIS) • glass tubes - injectable animal chip • key fobs - Mobile Speed Pass • Disks - CARMAX Asset Tracking • ID Cards - Access Security Proximity • Rods - Vehicle Tracking • Mount-on-Metal Transponders Dynasys Technologies Inc Clearwater, Florida USA

  26. LF PASSIVE TAGS • COST (dependant on quantity) • glass tubes - $2 • key fobs - $3 • Disks - $5 • ID Cards - $3 • Rods - $9 • Mount-on-Metal Transponders - $7 Dynasys Technologies Inc Clearwater, Florida USA

  27. LF PASSIVE TAGS • RANGE - Depends on Reader/Antenna • glass tubes - 1 foot • key fobs - 1 foot • Disks - 5 feet • ID Cards - 3 feet • Rods - 6 feet • Mount-on-Metal Transponders - 5 feet Dynasys Technologies Inc Clearwater, Florida USA

  28. HF

  29. This frequency is available for industrial use in most jurisdictions worldwide. • inductive coupling is used as • larger induced voltage, so the reader usually uses a single-turn coil, and transponders typically incorporate 3-5 turns of wire. • Typical read range varies • from a few cm to a meter.

  30. HF PASSIVE TAGS • ISO 15693 (previously TI Tag-it, I-Code) • (vicinity card) • ISO 14443 (proximity card) • foil inlays • paper labels • cardboard tickets • ID bracelets • ID Cards (photo ID) Dynasys Technologies Inc Clearwater, Florida USA

  31. HF PASSIVE TAGS • COST (dependant on quantity) • foil inlays - $.050 • paper labels - $0.75 • cardboard tickets - $0.75 • ID bracelets - $2.00 • ID Cards (photo ID) - $2.00 Dynasys Technologies Inc Clearwater, Florida USA

  32. HF PASSIVE TAGS • RANGE - Depends on Reader/Antenna • - Depends on Foil Size • foil inlays - 2 feet • paper labels - 2 feet • cardboard tickets - 1 foot • ID bracelets - 1/2 foot • ID Cards (photo ID) - 2 feet Dynasys Technologies Inc Clearwater, Florida USA

  33. UHF Near Field • Novel technology • Near-field UHF work on bottles and even inside liquids • It works on metal as well • It provides up to 64 times higher data transmission rates than HF while the reading range is similar • UHF tags are cheaper to produce than HF tags

  34. UHF Near Field • UHF tag’s antenna that has only one turn • compatible with EPC Gen 2 standard • ability to read all the tags on the items that are close to each other • Expensive UHF readers • No mobile solutions yet

  35. UHF RFID tag

  36. Far-field narrow band • UHF bands: 315 MHz and 433 MHz • Allocate a few tens of kilohertz of bandwidth. • The 433.92 MHz UHF band is uniformly allocated world-wide. • Very low transmitted power allowed (6microW) • 433 MHz :container security and military logistics. • The Interrogator transmission periodicity is also limited to one transmission every ten seconds or less often.

  37. Far-field UHF

  38. UHF systems • Between 860 and 960 MHz • In North America Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band at 902-928 MHz. • radiative coupling to achieve read ranges not available for LF or HF devices. • Read range for passive UHF tags can be as much as 10 meters

  39. Far-field 2.4GHz • Available for unlicensed operation worldwide. • Very small tags can be used • because of the consequent small antennas, the amount of power collected by a tag is reduced in comparison to UHF tags. • Read range for passive systems1 to 3 meters • More bandwidth than UHF • High data rate

  40. Passive systems - Backscatter • Reader generated the RF field: • Induce enough power into the tag coil to energize the tag. • Provide a synchronized clock source to the tag • Act as a carrier for return data from the tag.

  41. Passive systems backscatter

  42. Semi-passive systems - Battery operated systems • antennas are optimized for larger range, • there is a support for more complex operations, • sensors can be easily added, • memory capacity is larger. • Some tags can continue its operation even when the battery is dead

  43. Active systems • Modes: • beacon mode periodically after some conditions are specified • Motion sensors • Dual frequency • Interogatted mode • Battery life • Critical parameter • Measure and report the capacity of the battery

  44. Active • Standards • RFID • Wireless standards: WiFI, Zigbee • RTLS – real time location systems

  45. RFID Tags and Readers

  46. RFID – Sample Tags / Readers Signpost activator (Savi) Stationary reader and antenna (Alien) Handheld reader (Checkpoint) Plastic crate tag, UHF (Rafsec) Stationary reader (Matrics) Doorway antenna (Checkpoint) Stationary reader and antenna (SAMSys) Cardboard-case tag, MW (Matrics) Sample Tags Sample Readers Pallet tag, UHF (Matrics) Stationary readers are typically deployed at warehouse portals or loading docks, on conveyor belts or forklift arms, on store shelves, check-out lanes, etc.

  47. What is RFID? -- The Tags • Tags can be attached to almost anything: • pallets or cases of product • vehicles • company assets or personnel • items such as apparel, luggage, laundry • people, livestock, or pets • high value electronics such as computers, TVs, camcorders

  48. Are All Tags The Same? • Variations: • Memory • Size (16 bits - 512 kBytes +) • Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM • Type: EEProm, Antifuse • Arbitration (Anti-collision) • Ability to read/write one or many tags at a time • Frequency • 125KHz - 5.8 GHz • Physical Dimensions • Thumbnail to Brick sizes • Price ($0.50 to $250)

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