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Analysis of the urban structure in England and Wales 1971-2001 Basak Demires Ozkul

Analysis of the urban structure in England and Wales 1971-2001 Basak Demires Ozkul. Outline. Research question Hypothesis Definition of city structure Functional urban regions Travel to work areas Exploration of Travel-to-work Areas Conclusion. Research Question.

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Analysis of the urban structure in England and Wales 1971-2001 Basak Demires Ozkul

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  1. Analysis of the urban structure in England and Wales 1971-2001Basak Demires Ozkul

  2. Outline Research question Hypothesis Definition of city structure Functional urban regions Travel to work areas Exploration of Travel-to-work Areas Conclusion

  3. Research Question Where do people live and work in post-industrial England and how does this affect the structure of cities?

  4. Hypothesis The main hypothesis is that city structure is dependent on commuting patterns.

  5. Hypothesis The main hypothesis is that city structure is dependent on commuting patterns. Commuting patterns are a result of the spatial segregation of land use of jobs and housing.

  6. Hypothesis The main hypothesis is that city structure is dependent on commuting patterns. Commuting patterns are a result of the spatial segregation of land use of jobs and housing. Jobs and housing are segregated by occupational class.

  7. Hypothesis The main hypothesis is that city structure is dependent on commuting patterns. Commuting patterns are a result of the spatial segregation of land use of jobs and housing. Jobs and housing are segregated by occupational class. Occupational classes are dependent on labour demand in the economy.

  8. Hypothesis The main hypothesis is that city structure is dependent on commuting patterns. Commuting patterns are a result of the spatial segregation of land use of jobs and housing. Jobs and housing are segregated by occupational class. Occupational classes are dependent on labour demand in the economy.  Thus changes in labour demand in industrial and post-industrial England is reflected in the city structure. 

  9. Definition of City Structure Hall (Hall 1973) divided urbanisation into two main components: The physical components were land use coverage and intensity. The functional components were within place and between place activities.  DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS

  10. Definition of City Structure Hall (Hall 1973) divided urbanisation into two main components: The physical components were land use coverage and intensity. The functional components were within place and between place activities.  DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS

  11. Key Issues in Time-Series DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !

  12. Exploration of TTWAs “TTWAs are designated by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) as a statistical geography that represents a set of sub-regional labour market areas which is identifiable as patterns of commuting” Source: Coombes (2007) DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS

  13. Deconstructing TTWAs Distinct Areas Self-contained Representing all trips DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS

  14. TTWAs – Distinct areas (2001) DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS

  15. TTWAs – Self Containment 2001 Size and self-containment values: {a} flow X to Y as a % of all flows from X (including flows from X to itself) {b} flow X to Y as a % of all flows to Y (including flows from Y to itself) {c} flow Y to X as a % of all flows from Y (including flows from Y to itself) {d} flow Y to X as a % of all flows to X (including flows from X to itself) The final Tij2 index is computed in the following way. [ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ] y a x b z Supply side self containment of x Source: Coombes (2007) DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !

  16. TTWAs – Self Containment 2001 Size and self-containment values: {a} flow X to Y as a % of all flows from X (including flows from X to itself) {b} flow X to Y as a % of all flows to Y (including flows from Y to itself) {c} flow Y to X as a % of all flows from Y (including flows from Y to itself) {d} flow Y to X as a % of all flows to X (including flows from X to itself) The final Tij2 index is computed in the following way. [ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ] y a x b z Demand side self containment of y Source: Coombes (2007) DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !

  17. TTWAs – Self Containment 2001 Size and self-containment values: {a} flow X to Y as a % of all flows from X (including flows from X to itself) {b} flow X to Y as a % of all flows to Y (including flows from Y to itself) {c} flow Y to X as a % of all flows from Y (including flows from Y to itself) {d} flow Y to X as a % of all flows to X (including flows from X to itself) The final Tij2 index is computed in the following way. [ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ] y a x b z Supply side self containment of y Source: Coombes (2007) DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !

  18. TTWAs – Self Containment 2001 Size and self-containment values: {a} flow X to Y as a % of all flows from X (including flows from X to itself) {b} flow X to Y as a % of all flows to Y (including flows from Y to itself) {c} flow Y to X as a % of all flows from Y (including flows from Y to itself) {d} flow Y to X as a % of all flows to X (including flows from X to itself) The final Tij2 index is computed in the following way. [ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ] y a x b z Demand side self containment of x Source: Coombes (2007) DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !

  19. TTWAs – Self Containment DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !

  20. TTWAs – Trip Identity Travel to Work Patterns [ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ] sum of all flows to X from areas outside of X as a % of all flows to X (including flows from X to itself) y a x b z DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS

  21. TTWAs – Trip Identity Travel to Work Patterns [ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ] sum of all flows to X from areas outside of X as a % of all flows to X (including flows from X to itself) 1971 and 2001 Reading and Blackburn DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS

  22. Reading and Blacburn Blackburn By the first half of the 18th century, textile manufacture had become Blackburn's main industry. From the mid-18th to the early 20th century, Blackburn evolved from a small market town to become "the weaving capital of the world", with its population increasing from less than 5,000 to over 130,000. Blackburn's textile sector fell into a terminal decline from the mid-20th century. Major employers in Blackburn include: BAE Systems (British defence and aerospace company ); Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council; and the East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust. • Reading • In the 19th century became known as the town of 3 Bs, bulbs, biscuits and breweries. • Suttons Seeds (bulbls) closed in 1976. Huntley and Palmers (biscuits) closed in 1977. Simmonds (brewery) moved to a new site on the edge of Reading in the 1970's. • The town hosts the headquarters of major British companies and the UK offices of major foreign multinationals, predominantly in the technology industry, including Symantec, Verizon Business, Microsoft, Oracle, Sage, Xansa (now Steria), Cisco, Symbol Technologies, Websense, SGI. • Several of these are at the Thames Valley Business Park . DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS

  23. Employment 1971 - 2001 Blackburn 1971: ca. 54,600 2001: ca. 45,000 • Reading • 1971: ca. 73,250 • 2001: ca. 89,000 DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS

  24. 1971 – Geography Reading Blackburn Note: Images not to scale DATA GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS

  25. 1971 – Industry DATA ! GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS !

  26. 1971 – Industry Share (10% Sample) Reading Blackburn DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !

  27. 1971 – Socioeconomic Group DATA ! GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS !

  28. 1971 – Social class % (10% Sample) Reading Blackburn DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !

  29. 1971 – % of people commuting from outsideby social class (10% Sample) Reading (%36) Blackburn (%29) DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !

  30. 2001 – Geography Reading Blackburn Note: Images not to scale DATA GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS

  31. 2001 – Industry (1997 SIC) DATA ! GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS !

  32. 2001 – Industry Share Reading Blackburn DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !

  33. 2001 – Socioeconomic Group DATA ! GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS !

  34. 2001 – Social class % Reading Blackburn DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !

  35. 2001- % of people commuting from outsideby social class Reading (51%) Blackburn (51%) DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !

  36. 1971- 2001 rough comparison

  37. Conclusion There has been a shift in both the industries and the social class structure in both settlements Getting a clear picture of the shift requires a translation of both industrial and social class structure amongst the years Commuting patterns have changed in both settlements, the change in Blackburn has been more pronounced than the one in Reading There is a recurring pattern of commuting for different class structures that occurs regardless of settlement or time DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !

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