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World War II – The Rise of Hitler

World War II – The Rise of Hitler. Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 20 1889 in a small Austrian town that bordered Germany. In Old German, Adolf means “noble wolf.” Hitler was a poor high school student. At the age of 16, Hitler dropped out.

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World War II – The Rise of Hitler

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  1. World War II – The Rise of Hitler • Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 20 1889 in a small Austrian town that bordered Germany. • In Old German, Adolf means “noble wolf.” • Hitler was a poor high school student. At the age of 16, Hitler dropped out. • He tried to become an artist, but by age 21 in 1910, he was penniless and homeless.

  2. World War II – The Rise of Hitler • During this time, he started holding anti-Semite views. • Due to different religious practices and costumes (…especially Orthodox Jews), Hitler claimed Jews were natural enemies of the Aryan race. • Socialism was growing in Europe, and Hitler linked many of the economic problems in Austria to Socialism. Many leaders of Socialism were Jewish. • In 1913, Hitler moved to Germany.

  3. World War II – The Rise of Hitler • At the start of WWI in 1914, Hitler entered the German army. • He saw active duty as a message runner. • He was wounded twice and survived a gas attack. • For his service, he earned First and Second Class Iron Cross medals. He was never promoted… perhaps because he was not a German citizen. • Hitler was shocked when Germany surrendered in 1918. The German army was still in France, and Hitler was convinced the soldiers had been “stabbed in the back” by politicians in Germany. • How would Hitler respond to the Treaty of Versailles that forced Germany to destroy its military, give up land and pay for war damages?

  4. World War II – The Rise of Hitler • Hitler’s response to the Treaty of Versailles …he despised it. He began to use “international Jewry”, communists and weak German politicians as scapegoats for the loss. • He joined the German Workers Party, and by 1921, he was a high ranking official. He began using the swastika as a party symbol. • Hitler introduced his 25-point program that included the Final Solution for Jews (exclusion from society, ghettos, eventual annihilation). Would this idea make Hitler popular…even within his own party? • On 29 July 1921, he introduced himself as the Fuehrer of the National Socialist Party. What is the possible acronym of the National Socialist Party?

  5. World War II – The Rise of Hitler • The acronym of the National Socialist Party is NAZI. • His associates included Rudolf Hess, Hermann Göring and Ernst Röhm. • On 8 November 1923, Hitler tried to use force to overthrow the government in Bavaria, a province of Germany. The coup, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, failed. In 1924, Hitler was sentenced to five years in jail for conspiracy to commit treason. • Hitler would serve only one year…due to good behaviour and the view he was not a threat to the public. • The coup had failed, but Hitler became noticed. If force and military action had failed, what do you would he do next?

  6. World War II – The Rise of Hitler Mein Kampf • InEnglish, it means “My Struggle”. • It is an autobiography and a description of Nazism. • Hitler began writing the chapters in prison, but it was completed after his release with the help of Rudolf Hess. • In the book, Hitler explains (1) propaganda as a means to control crowds, (2) “Jewish Peril” – the Jewish conspiracy to control the world, (3) the need for Germany to attain its natural destiny, and (4) the division of races and the necessary war to eliminate Judeo-Bolshevik. • Even before Hitler became Germany’s leader, Mein Kampf was very popular. He was able to buy a Mercedes while still in prison. • What do you think happens next?

  7. World War II – The Rise of Hitler • Hitler becomes politically active. • Within the Nazi Party, he centralizes power (i.e., only he can elect party officials). • The Great Depression hit Germany harder…perhaps harder than any other European country. The German unemployment rate was more than 50%. The German mark was worthless. The German government tried a variety of programs to offset the Depression, but they failed. In addition, the USA demanded Germany repay the loans the USA gave to Germany to rebuild after WW1. • Hitler linked the Treaty of Versailles to Germany’s economic woes and limited position within Europe. He did not blame only Jews; rather, he linked the Treaty to other political parties in Germany. • What would Hitler say about the Depression and the Treaty of Versailles to gain support from the German public?

  8. World War II – The Rise of Hitler • Hitler promised to tear up the Treaty of Versailles • Hitler promised to create jobs. • Hitler promised to restore Germany’s glory and ensure a greater share of the “world’s economic pie”. • Hitler promised to rebuild Germany’s military machine. • Hitler promised to remove Jews and other unwanted groups from jobs and positions of power. • Hitler promised to respect WWI veterans with larger pensions. • Do you think Hitler won the next German election?

  9. World War II – The Rise of Hitler • In 1932, Hitler became a German citizen. • Hitler did not win the 1932 German election. No one won a clear majority. So, Hitler was asked to form a coalition government with other parties. • By 1933, the Nazi Party held the greatest number of seats in the German Parliament. Hitler demanded that he be made Chancellor of Germany. NOTE: 63% of Germans did not vote for Hitler. They failed to vote with a unified voice against the Nazi. • This action did not make Hitler the supreme leader of Germany. His political competition was the Communist Party AND the role of Chancellor was below the German President. • What do you think Hitler did next?

  10. World War II – The Rise of Hitler • To get rid of the Communists, Hitler created a crisis. He ordered the German Parliament to be burned AND blamed the Communists for the fire. He immediately passed the “Law for the Protection of the People and State” that basically outlawed the Communist Party. • With no opposition, Hitler won the next election by a landslide. • By recognizing the “liberty” of the Catholic-based Centre Party, Hitler was able to get the 2/3 majority in the Parliament to enact the “Enabling Act” which allowed him to make new laws without the German Parliament approval. • In 1934, the President suddenly died, and Hitler passed a law making him both Chancellor and President. The German army swore oath to Hitler and not the state. • Finally, he passed a law that outlawed all other political parties. What was the only party left?

  11. World War II – The Rise of Hitler • Next, Hitler passed the “Temporary Law for the Coordination of the States and the Reich.” Under this law, states were required to conform to the German Parliament. Hitler installed a Nazi Party member as the leader of each state. • The police forces were combined to form the SS and the Gestapo. Soon afterwards, Germany became a police state. • Next, Germany withdrew from the League of Nations. • Finally, Hitler was invited to invade Austria. • Why do you think all these event are important?

  12. World War II – The Rise of Hitler • Hitler begins to rebuild Germany’s economy. • He encourages women not to work…making jobs for men. • Roads and railways are built throughout Germany…for later troop movement. • He rebuilt the German army and navy. By 1935, the German military was bigger than France’s army. • Hitler reoccupied the Rhineland (…lost in WWI in the Treaty of Versailles). • In 1936, the Spanish Civil War begins. The war was between Loyalists or Republicans (Communists) and the Nationalists. Canada makes a law making it illegal for Canadians to join a foreign army. Over 1200 Canadians including Dr. Norman Bethune joined the Republican forces secretly.Hitler supported the Nationalists. Hitler used Spain as a training grounds for new military tactics including the Blitzkerg.

  13. World War II – The Rise of Hitler Elsewhere…at the same time… • In 1931, Japan invades Manchuria (China). Some of the most notorious war atrocities occur during this invasion. Canada and many other nations are in the depths of the Great Depression. Needing Japan as an economic trading partner, the nations of the world do nothing. • In 1935, Mussolini and Italy invade Abyssinia (Africa). The Canadian delegate to the League of Nations proposes a boycott on trade with Italy that includes Canadian oil. Italy needs oil for its war machines. The suggested boycott is rejected in Canada. Catholic Canadians have sympathy for Italy because it is home for the Pope. • In 1936, Germany, Italy and Japan sign a pact. It was later expanded to include Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. This is the Axis Powers.

  14. World War II – The Rise of Hitler • Between 1933 and 1939, many Jews fled Germany. • On 9 November 1938, a German-Jewish student, upset that his parents were not allowed to leave Germany, shot and killed a German immigration official in Paris. That night, Jews were attacked in Germany. The event is called Kristallnacht or “Night of Broken Glass” because the streets were covered by broken glass. • The event was planned. In two days, 1,000 synagogues were ransacked, 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed, dozens of Jews were killed, Jewish cemeteries were looted, 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps and a Jewish curfew was imposed. The “Final Solution” had begun.

  15. World War II – The Rise of Hitler • After the “invited conquest of Austria”, Hitler looked at the Sudentenland of Czechoslovakia. Hitler noted that many people of German descent lived in this area, and that they wanted to be part of Germany. The Czechs were ready to fight, but the world was not. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Premier Dadodian agreed to the German occupation of Sudentenland at the 1938 Munich Conference. Chamberlain declared the agreement as “peace in out times”, but by March 1939, Germany controlled all of Czechoslovakia. • In 1938, Hitler is made Time Magazine’s “Man of the Year.” • In August 1939, Germany signed a Non-Aggression Pact with the Soviet Union. The two nations agreed not to fight each other and divide Poland. • In September 1939, Hitler demanded the Polish Corridor awarded to Poland in the Treaty of Versailles be returned to Germany. Poland refused and Germany invaded Poland.

  16. World War II – The Rise of Hitler • These are two famous paintings about the Spanish Civil War. • One is by Salvador Dali called Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War). It shows war as self-fulfilling and self-mutilating. • The other is by Pablo Picasso depicting the bombing of the city of Guernica by German forces. The air raid killed 1,600 civilians. The painting depicts suffering.

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