Anatomical Concepts Related to Human Movement

1. Anatomical Concepts Related to Human Movement

2. Course Content • Introduction to the Course • Biomechanical Concepts Related to Human Movement • Anatomical Concepts Related to Human Movement • Applications in Human Movement • Functional Anatomy of Selected Joint Complexes

3. Anatomical Concepts Related to Human Movement • The Skeletal System • The Muscular System

4. The Skeletal System

5. Levels of Structural Organization

6. Chemicals & Cells • Chemical • Cell • nucleus • organelles • cytosol • cell membrane

7. Tissue epithelial muscle nerve connective Organ Tissues & Organs

8. integumentary skeletal muscular nervous endocrine cardiovascular lymphatic respiratory digestive urinary reproductive Organ Systems

9. Function of Musculoskeletal System • General function is to cause or control movement, more specifically: • Support • maintain upright posture • Allow movement • body transport • manipulate objects • Protect

10. Overview of Musculoskeletal System • Musculoskeletal system operates like a machine • Skeletal system provides structure • Muscular system provides force

11. The Skeletal System • General Structure & Function • Tissue Level Structure & Function • Organ Level Structure & Function • System Level Structure & Function • Injury to the Skeletal System

12. The Skeletal System • General Structure & Function • Tissue Level Structure & Function • Organ Level Structure & Function • System Level Structure & Function • Injury to the Skeletal System

13. Bones & Joints General Structure • ~206 bones • >200 joints • 12-15% BW • Connective tissue • Structure varies

14. Axial Skeleton • ~80 bones • head (29) • thorax (51) • Bones singular, paired, & multiple

15. Appendicular Skeleton • ~126 bones • upper (32) • lower (31) • girdles • Bones multiple & paired

16. General Function • Shape & supporting framework for other systems • Protection • Storage & production of minerals & RBCs • System of machines for transmission of forces

17. The Skeletal System • General Structure & Function • Tissue Level Structure & Function • Organ Level Structure & Function • System Level Structure & Function • Injury to the Skeletal System What is the primary type of tissue found in the skeletal system?

18. Tissue Level of Skeletal System • Properties of connective tissue • Structure & function of connective tissue • Types of connective tissue

19. Properties of Connective Tissue • Strength • Load w/o damage • Stiffness • Resistance to deformation • Extensibility • Ability to stretch & deform • Elasticity • Ability to regain original shape after deformation

20. Tissue Properties - strength A B C Load (N) 1 5 10 15 20 25 Deformation (cm)

21. Tissue Properties - stiffness A B C Load (N) 1 5 10 15 20 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Deformation (cm)

22. Tissue Properties - extensibility A B C Load (N) 1 5 10 15 20 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Deformation (cm)

23. Tissue Level of Skeletal System • Properties of connective tissue • Structure & function of connective tissue • Types of connective tissue

24. General Function of Connective Tissue • Mechanical support • Bind cells together in tissues, organs, systems • Support and hold organs in place • Provide stability and shock absorption for joints • Provide flexible links between bones • Provide smooth articulating surfaces between bones • Transmit muscle force • Intercellular exchange

25. …blast – produce matrix …clast – resorb matrix …cyte – mature cell synthesis & maintenance defense & clean up determines the functional characteristics of the connective tissue Distinguishes CT from other tissues

26. Elastin • random arrangement • extensible – ultimate ~ 200% • low tensile strength • yellow fibers • EX: rubber band

27. Collagen • parallel (regular) arrangement • ultimate ~ 10% • high tensile strength • white fibers • EX: shoelace

28. Tissue Level of Skeletal System • Properties of connective tissue • Structure & function of connective tissue • Types of connective tissue

29. Bind cells • Mechanical links • Resist tensile loads • Number & type of cells • Proportion of collagen, elastin, & ground substance • Arrangement of protein fibers

30. Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue • Structure: • Elastin & collagen in large GS • Moderate strength & elasticity • Function: • Binds cells into tissues and tissues into organs • Provides supporting framework for nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels 1) Loose

31. Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue • Structure: • Random network of collagen & elastin with little GS • Moderate elasticity & strength • Function: • Padding around organs and joints • Continuous layer beneath skin for insulation 2) Adipose

32. Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue • Structure: • Few elastin fibers & little GS • Resists stretch in any direction • Function: • Forms epimysium, epineurium, perichondrium, periosteum, & capsule around kidneys, liver, & spleen 3) Irregular Collagenous

33. Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue • Structure: • Few collagen fibers & moderate GS • Stretches in many directions • Moderate strength • Function: • Forms walls of arteries, larger arterioles, trachea, bronchial tubes 4) Irregular Elastic

34. Regular Ordinary Connective Tissue • 1) Regular elastic • Elastin fiber bundles arranged parallel • Moderate strength and extensibility in single direction • Elastic ligaments of the spine: • Ligamentum flavum, ligamentum nuchae

35. Regular Ordinary Connective Tissue • Collagen fiber bundles arranged parallel • Strong & inextensible • Tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments, joint capsules, retinacula 2) Regular Collagenous

36. Other Terminology • Fibrous tissue • Elastic tissue

37. Special Types of Connective Tissue • Cartilage • Bone

38. Cartilage Tissue • General Structure • Highly specialized GS (proteoglycans + H20 = gel) • General Mechanical Properties • Anisotropic • Strong; resists all load conditions • Moderate stiffness • Good extensibility & elasticity • Types of Cartilage Tissue • Hyaline (articular)  joints, costal cartilage, trachea, bronchial tubes, larynx, external nose • Fibrocartilage  articular discs, labrum, lining of grooves • Elastic larynx, ear lobe, eustachian tube

39. Bone Tissue • General Structure • Collagen in hard, solid GS (bone salt) • General Mechanical Properties • Anisotropic • Strongest & stiffest • Little elasticity & extensibility • Types of Bone Tissue • Compact (cortical) bone  more dense • Trabecular (cancellous, spongy) bone

41. Summary • The skeletal system forms one part of the musculoskeletal machine which makes movement of the human body possible. • To best understand human movement, the skeletal system should be studied at the cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism level. • We have examined the tissue level of the skeletal system and better understand how the tissue level contributes to the overall function of the organism with regard to human movement.

42. Summary • Connective tissue is the primary tissue of the skeletal system. It is the strongest and most elastic tissue in the body, which makes it most suitable for the functions performed by the skeletal system. • There are 8 types of connective tissue in the human body. • The unique function of the various types of connective tissue is determined by the structure of the tissue.