Chapter 12 Reconstruction

1. Chapter 12Reconstruction

2. 1864 Presidential ElectionLincoln v. McClellan • Johnson balances Lincoln’s ticket • Northern Democrat, southerner, former slave owner • Absentee ballots from Union soldiers • Last minute Union victories

3. Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address • Union Victory was certain • Themes of address • Preservation of the union “indivisible nation” • Sorrow over the war-diplomacy had failed • War was necessary to end slavery • Urged peaceful reunion and reconstruction “with malice toward none; with charity for all”

4. Lincoln’s Assassination • John Wilkes Booth-confederate sympathizer • Fords Theater • Johnson becomes President

5. Reconstruction 1865-1877 1. Physically rebuild the South 2. Readmit the southern statesto the Union

6. Johnson’s Reconstruction PlanExecutive Plan • Pardon southerners who swore allegiance to the Union • Hold constitutional conventions to form new state governments • Withdraw their secession • Ratify the 13th Amendment • Hold elections and be part of the Union

7. Criticisms of Johnson’s Plan • Many CSA politicians retained positions of power • CSA politicians were able to pass Black Codes • Curfews • Could be whipped or sold into slavery if convicted of vagrancy • Had to work for whites at least a year ETC…

8. Radical Republicans v. Johnson“Congress should be in charge of Reconstruction!” • Thaddeus Stevens • Punish states for secession • Destroy political power of former slave holders • Full citizenship and suffrage for African Americans • Land distribution

9. 13th Amendment • Abolishes slavery

10. Civil Rights Act 1866 • Gave African Americans citizenship • Forbade Black Codes • Johnson vetoes, congress overrides

11. 14th Amendment • Provided a Constitutional Basis for the Civil Rights Act • No person, regardless of race, can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law

12. 15th Amendment • 15-suffrage • cannot deny the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude

13. Reconstruction Act of 1867 • Kicked readmitted states out and set new readmission requirements (Johnson vetoed, congress overrode) • 5 military zones • Write new state constitutions that have to include African American suffrage • Southerners who supported the CSA were denied suffrage • Have to ratify the 14th amendment giving former slaves state citizenship

14. Johnson’s Impeachment • High crimes and misdemeanors • Radicals passed laws to keep Johnson weak • Johnson ignored those laws: Tenure of Office Act • 3 month trial Not guilty by 1 vote

15. Impeachment Process Congress House impeach Senate Votes to impeach Senate becomes jurors Chief Justice Presides over trial Recommend to impeach or not Judiciary 2/3 to convict Committee Reviews evidenceguilty-out of office not guilty-stays in

16. 12:2 Reconstructing Society

17. Share Cropping • Kept former slaves tied and in debt to land owners • Owner provided land, tools, housing • Had to give up a share of the crop

18. Tenant Farming • Paid rent to land owner • Owned the crops to sell • Cycle of debt kept (391) kept tied to and in debt to land owners

19. 40 Acres and a Mule • Promised by Sherman to slaves who left the plantation and followed the Union Army during the war • Johnson gave it back to original landowners

20. Freedmen’s Bureau 1865-1869 • 1st federal relief agency in U.S. history • Provided clothes, medical attention, food, education and land • Helped transition to freedom

21. African American Churches • One of the few institutions truly owned and controlled by the black population • Center for social and political issues • Ministers were spiritual, social, and political leaders

22. Education during Reconstruction • Freedmen’s Bureau, churches • Teachers-often black soldiers who had acquired some education in the service • Kids and adults • Morehouse College “Black Harvard” provides advanced education

23. Political Power during Reconstruction • 90% voted-mostly Republican • Hiram Revels-1st African American U.S. Senator • Several House Members • 100s of state office holders

24. Scalawags • White southerners who joined the Republican party • Redistribute wealth • Redistribute political power • Bring industry to the South

25. Carpetbaggers • Northerners who moved South after the War • Freedmen’s Bureau • Buy cheap land • Business men/entrepreneurs took advantage of the devastated economy of the South

26. 12:3The End of Reconstruction

27. Ku Klux Klan • Secret society • Used murder, arson, violence as means of controlling freed Africans Americans • Founded by Confederate Army veterans • Fought against Congressional Reconstruction plans • Federal troops occupied the south to curtail KKK violence

28. Enforcement Acts 1870, 1871 • Provided federal supervision of elections • Provided federal troops in active KKK areas

29. Freedmen’s Bureau Expires • Congress does not renew funding

30. Amnesty Act 1872 • Returned the right to vote and hold office to 160,000 former Confederates • Republicans lose political power

31. Panic of 1873 • Businesses had expanded during the Civil War • Post-war production exceeded demand • Banks closed • Stock market crashed • 5 year depression

32. Redemption • Democrats regain power • Amnesty Act • Scandal in Grant Administration • Supreme Court Decisions weaken the power of the 14th and 15th Amendments • Depression

33. 1876 Election • (R)Rutherford B. Hays v. (D) Sam Tilden • Hays wins electoral vote, Tilden wins popular vote • Contested election-House decides

34. Compromise of 1877 House will accept Hayes as President IF • Federal Troops removed from the south • Democrats get $$ for southern public works programs • Hayes puts southern conservatives in his cabinet

35. Home Rule • Ability to run state government without interference of the federal government • Took 80 years for the Civil Rights movement to begin gaining equality for African Americans