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Chapter 12 Reconstruction. Lincoln’s 2 nd Inaugural Address. Union Victory was certain Themes of address Preservation of the union “indivisible nation” Sorrow over the war-diplomacy had failed War was necessary to end slavery
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Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address • Union Victory was certain • Themes of address • Preservation of the union “indivisible nation” • Sorrow over the war-diplomacy had failed • War was necessary to end slavery • Urged peaceful reunion and reconstruction “with malice toward none; with charity for all”
Lincoln’s Assassination • John Wilkes Booth-confederate sympathizer • Fords Theater • Andrew Johnson
Reconstruction 1865-1877 • Rebuild the South • Readmit the southern statesto the Union
13th Amendment • Abolishes slavery
Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan • Pardon southerners who swore allegiance to the Union • Hold constitutional conventions to form new state governments • Withdraw their secession • Ratify the 13th Amendment • Hold elections and be part of the Union
Radical Republicans v. Johnson • Thaddeus Stevens • Punish states for secession • Destroy political power of former slave holders • Full citizenship and suffrage for African Americans • Land distribution
Freedmen’s Bureau 1865 • 1st federal relief agency in U.S. history • Provided clothes, medical attention, food, education and land • Helped transition to freedom • Johnson vetoed, Congress override veto
Civil Rights Act 1866 • Gave African Americans citizenship • Forbade Black Codes • No carrying weapons • No serving on juries or testifying in court • No marrying whites • No traveling without permits • Etc. • Johnson vetoes, congress overrides
14th Amendment • No person, regardless of race, can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law • Declared all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. to be citizens • Provided a Constitutional Basis for the Civil Rights Act
Reconstruction Act of 1867 • Abolished governments formed under Lincoln’s and Johnson’s plans • 5 military zones • Set new requirements for readmission • State constitutions had to grant suffrage
Johnson’s Impeachment • High crimes and misdemeanors • Radicals passed laws to keep Johnson weak • Johnson ignored those laws: Tenure of Office Act • 3 month trial Not guilty by 1 vote
Impeachment Process Congress House impeach Senate Votes to impeach Senate becomes jurors Chief Justice Presides over trial Recommend to impeach or not Judiciary 2/3 to convict Committee Reviews evidenceguilty-out of office not guilty-stays in
15th Amendment • 15-suffrage • cannot deny the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude
Political Problems of the South • South destroyed, must rebuild • States have no money, can’t borrow • Black Codes
Response to Political Problems • Public Works programs-orphanages, hospitals, schools, etc. • Increased state taxes • African Americans elected to office
African American Political Power during Reconstruction • 90% voted • 8/10 voted Republican • Hiram Revels-1st African American U.S. Senator • Several House Members
Economic Problems of the South • Low property values • Population devastated by death and malnutrition • Labor shortage • Increase in taxes • Landlessness of poor whites and former slaves • Low cotton prices • Debt • Bank failures
Response to Economic problems • Raised taxes • Tenant farming • Sharecropping • Redistribution of land owned by former Confederates • Diversification of economy
Social Problems of the South • Racism • African American families separated • African American education
Responses to Social Problems • Emigration of white population north • Emigration of black population to cities • Freedmen’s Bureau reunited many families • African Americans organized schools, churches, political institutions • Morehouse College Atlanta 1867: ministry and education
Scalawags • White southerners who joined the Republican party • Redistribute wealth • Redistribute political power • Bring industry to the South
Carpetbaggers • Northerners who moved South after the War • Freedmen’s Bureau • Buy cheap land • Business men/entrepreneurs took advantage of the devastated economy of the South
African American Gains during Reconstruction • Rebuilt families • Education • Public education
40 Acres and a Mule • Promised by Sherman to slaves who left the plantation and followed the Union Army during the war • Johnson gave it back to original landowners
Freedman’s Bureau • Organized to help former slaves transition to freedom • Everyday problems: food, clothing, jobs, medicine, medical care • Some land acquisition that was unclaimed by its pre-war owners • didn’t go far enough to give economic independence
Few Opportunities • Share cropping • Tenant farming • Conditions little different than slavery
Ku Klux Klan • Secret society • Used murder, arson, violence as means of controlling freed Africans Americans • Founded by Confederate Army veterans • Fought against Congressional Reconstruction plans • Federal troops occupied the south to curtail KKK violence
Enforcement Acts 1870, 1871 • Provided federal supervision of elections • Provided federal troops in active KKK areas
Freedmen’s Bureau • Expires 1872 • Congress does not renew funding
Amnesty Act 1872 • Returned the right to vote and hold office to 160,000 former Confederates • Republicans lose political power
Panic of 1873 • Businesses had expanded during the Civil War • Post-war production exceeded demand • Banks closed • Stock market crashed • 5 year depression
Redemption • Democrats regain power • Amnesty Act • Scandal in Grant Administration • Supreme Court Decisions weaken the power of the 14th and 15th Amendments • Depression
1876 Election • (R)Rutherford B. Hays v. (D) Sam Tilden • Hays wins electoral vote, Tilden wins popular vote • Contested election-House decides
Compromise of 1877 House will accept Hayes as President IF • Federal Troops removed from the south • Democrats get $$ for southern public works programs • Hayes puts southern conservatives in his cabinet
Home Rule • Ability to run state government without interference of the federal government • Took 80 years for the Civil Rights movement to begin gaining equality for African Americans