Cellular Anatomy and Physiology

1. Cellular Anatomy and Physiology

2. Objectives • Intro to the cell • List and describe each component of the cell. • List and describe the cell structure and their function. • Explain the process of cell division • Question and Answer • Conclusion • References

3. INTRODUCTION • All living things are made up of cells. • The cell is the basic unit of structure. • All cells are made up of chemical material, called protoplasm. • Protoplasm contains 70% – 85% water. • Tissues are collection of similar cells. (e.g. muscle) • Organs are combination of two or more tissues (e.g. heart, spleen, pancreas) • The system is the next level (e.g. digestive system and circulatory system).

4. Chemical Configurationof the Cell The cell contain organic compounds which contain carbon. • Proteins: Comprise 15% of the cell, assisting in growth, and repairing injured or worn-out tissues and constructing new tissues. • Amino acids: are building blocks of proteins. In humans, there are 22 different amino acids, that combine a in numerous sequences to create proteins. (e.g. insulin, egg whites, gelatin, and hemoglobin). • Enzymes: they controls numerous chemical reactions. Provide cell energy, help to make new cell parts and control almost every cell process.

5. Chemical Configuration of the Cell - Cont’ • Lipids: Comprise 2% of the cell. They contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. They store energy, insulating our bodies from cold, assisting with the digestive process, and helping to lubricate the joins. • Carbohydrates: Make up approx. 1% of the cell. They are the major source of energy in the cell. They are subdivided into: Monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (double sugars), and polysaccharides (large macromolecules).

6. Chemical Configuration of the Cell - Cont’ • Nucleic Acids: They are high-molecular- weight Polymers. There are two groups of nitrogenous bases, purines and pyrimidines. Purines are adenine (A) or guanine(G). The pyrimidines are cytosine (C), thymine (T), or uracil (U). The nucleic acids include DNA and RNA.

7. Chemical Configuration of the Cell - Cont’ Inorganic compound include minerals and salts (e.g. sodium and potassium) are the inorganic compounds of the cells and are essential for cell life. They preserve the osmotic pressure of the cell maintaining the correct proportion of water in it.

8. Cell Structure • Cell Membrane: Also called the plasma membrane. The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and separates the interior from the exterior of the cell.

9. Cell StructureCont’ • Cytoplasm: It is the watery environment inside the cell. • The protein synthesis and the cellular respiration take place in the cytoplasm. Also, catabolism and anabolism.

10. Cell StructureCont’ • Mitochondria: It is the powerhouse of the cell. Contains ATP, which supplies energy to the cell.

11. Cell StructureCont’ • The Golgi Apparatus: carbohydrates and proteins combine so they can pass through the golgi apparatus. Small portions of the gorgi membrane separate and join with the cell membrane; so, they can be released to the cell’s exterior.

12. Cell Structure Cont’ • Lysosomes: Assist in digesting old, worn-out cell parts, dead cells. Bacteria and foreign materials. Nickname “Suicide bags” because if they burst they will digesting cell proteins, causing cell death.

13. Cell StructureCont’ • Nucleus: It is the nucleus is the brain of the cells. • The nucleus houses the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which stores genetic information for a cell. • The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of genes and to control the activities of the cell. • 23 pairs of chromosomes.

15. Cell Division • The two types of cell division are mitosis and meiosis. • Mitosis is the process of cell division in which the nucleus and the cytoplasm divide to form two identical cell.

16. Cell Division Cont’ • The stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, & telophase. • Prophase – The first stage of mitosis and meiosis, when chromosomes become visible. The spindle fibers form & the centrioles move toward opposite poles of the cell.

17. Cell Division Cont’ • Metaphase – The stage where chromosomes are arranged. The chromosomes are lined up at the equator of the cell & the spindle fibers from each centriole attach to the centriomers of the chromosomes. The centriomers divide & the nuclear membrane has entirely disappeared.

18. Cell Division Cont’ • Anaphase – The stage at which The centriomers divide & the chromatids migrate toward opposite poles of the cell. Each chromatid is referred to as a separate chromosome, they are two complete & distinct sets.

19. Cell Division Cont’ • Telophase – The stage at which the chromosomes become much longer, thinner, & indistinct as they reach the poles of the cell. The DNA splits to form chromatin. Cell division is almost complete & the nucleolus appears. There is the formation of new nuclear membranes.

21. Cell Division Cont’ • Meiosis is the process of cell division for the purpose of cell reproduction.

22. Cell Division Cont’ • The movements of the chromosomes during mitosis are comparable with the chromosomes movement during meiosis. At the end of telophase, the original parent cell has created 2 daughter cells which contain 46 chromosomes. It is at this point where the mitosis & meiosis differ.

23. Cell Division Cont’ • It is at this point where the daughter cells go to a second division of cellular material without replication of DNA or duplication of the chromosomes. In the second division, the stages of mitosis are repeated. The result is 4 chromosomes instead of 2 chromosomes like mitosis.

25. Questions & Answers • What does DNA stand for? • Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Why do nucleic acids have a high molecular weight? • They are made up of polymers, which are created by combining two or more of the same molecules.

26. Questions & Answers Cont’ • What is the purpose of meiosis? • For the purpose of reproduction. • What are the four organic compounds? • Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, & nucleic acid. • Why are potassium & sodium vital for cell life? • To maintain osmotic pressure within the cell.

27. Conclusion • All living things are made up of cells. • Cells contain Organic and inorganic compounds. • Cells consist of cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, the golgi apparatus, lysosomoes, and the nucleus. • Cells divide two ways. By mitosis and meiosis.

28. Works Cited • Forshier, Steve. Essentials of Radiation Biology and Protection. Canada: Delmare Thomas Learning, 2002. 1-142.