Public Health

1. Public Health Its all about the diseases.

2. What is Public Health? • The discipline concerned with measures that affect the health of communities: • Public Health Officers • Preventative Medicine • Preventative Nursing • You and I doing our best to control the spread of diseases.

3. How Diseases are Contracted • Escherichia colt (E.coli) –Bacteria found in the human colon, caused by contaminated food or water. It is commonly called “Traveler’s Diarrhea”. Can be passed animal to person or person to person. • Tetanus –Caused by a toxin produced in an infected wound. A break in skin that gets contaminated by soil, animals, or debris. • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – A late stage of infection. Spread by blood or other body fluids, through a break in the skin or mucous membranes. • Encephalitis – Inflammation of the brain caused by a virus. Caused by mosquito or tick bites. • Salmonellosis–Undercooked or improperly prepared eggs. Inadequate sanitation, and dirty hands. • Lyme Disease –Tick bites a mouse or deer, then bites a human. Most common in spring and summer.

4. Other Diseases

5. Immunizations • What is immunization?Immunization is a process that helps your body fight off diseases caused by certain viruses and bacteria. One way to be immunized is to receive a vaccine. A vaccine is a liquid made from germs such as viruses and bacteria, which is usually given by needle. Vaccines contain germs that cannot cause the disease you are being protected against. • HepB: hepatitis B, a serious liver disease • DTaP: diphtheria, tetanus (lockjaw), and pertussis (whooping cough) • PCV: pneumococcal conjugate vaccine protects against a serious blood, lung, and brain infection • Hib: Haemophilus influenzae type b, a serious brain, throat, and blood infection • Polio: polio, a serious paralyzing disease • RV: rotavirus infection, a serious diarrheal disease • Influenza: a serious lung infection • MMR: measles, mumps, and rubella • HepA: hepatitis A, a serious liver disease

6. Immunizations for Babies • At birth HepB • 2 months HepB + DTaP + PCV + Hib + Polio + RV • 4 months HepB2 + DTaP + PCV + Hib + Polio + RV • 6 months HepB + DTaP + PCV + Hib3 + Polio + RV4 + Influenza5 • 12 months MMR + DTaP + PCV + Hib + Chickenpox + HepA6 + Influenza5 • 6–18 mos1 • 12–15 mos1 • 15–18 mos1 • Check with your doctor or nurse to make sure your baby is receiving all vaccinations on schedule. Many times vaccines are combined to reduce the number of injections. Be sure you ask for a record card with the dates of your baby’s vaccinations; bring this with you to every visit. • :

7. When Do Children and Teens Need Vaccinations?

8. Everyone should be reimmunized periodically for: • Influenza: Yearly Flu seasons are unpredictable. They can begin early in the fall and last late into the spring. As long as flu season isn’t over, it’s not too late to get vaccinated, even during the winter. Getting a flu vaccine is the best way to protect yourself and your family. If you miss getting your flu vaccine in 2010, make it a New Year’s resolution—flu season doesn’t usually peak until January or February. The flu vaccine offers protection for you all season long.

9. Everyone should be reimmunized periodically for: • Pneumococcal: Every 5 years Usually only one dose of PPSV is needed, but under some circumstances a second dose may be given.• A second dose is recommended for people 65 years and older who got their first dose when they were younger than 65 and it has been 5 or more years since the first dose.• A second dose is recommended for people 2 through 64 years of age who: - have a damaged spleen or no spleen - have sickle-cell disease - have HIV infection or AIDS - have cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma - have nephrotic syndrome - have had an organ or bone marrow transplant - are taking medication that lowers immunity (such as chemotherapy or long-term steroids) When a second dose is given, it should be given 5 years after the first dose.

10. No Treatment or Immunization? • Viral meningitis: There is no specific treatment for viral meningitis. Most patients completely recover on their own within 2 weeks. Antibiotics do not help viral infections, so they are not useful in the treatment of viral meningitis. Doctors often will recommend bed rest, plenty of fluids, and medicine to relieve fever and headache. • Norovirus: There are no medications or vaccines for noroviruses. Treatment includes drinking plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. Oral rehydration therapy may be used in severe cases of dehydration. Ask your doctor if he thinks it is necessary.

11. Water Water in three states: liquid, solid (ice), and (invisible) water vapor in the air. Clouds are accumulations of water droplets, condensed from vapor-saturated air.

12. Safe Drinking Water • Clean drinking water is essential to humans and other lifeforms. Access to safe drinking water has improved steadily and substantially over the last decades in almost every part of the world. • There is a clear correlation between access to safe water and GDP per capita. However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability. • A recent report (November 2009) suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions of the world, water demand will exceed supply by 50%. • Water plays an important role in the world economy, as it functions as a solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances and facilitates industrial cooling and transportation. • Approximately 70% of freshwater is consumed by agriculture.

13. How to make water safe to drink at Camp! How to Make a Camp Water Purifier By Rich Thomas, eHow Contributor Use this to make a water filter: Carbon filters are one of the oldest means of purifying water. Their workings are simple. Carbon is a material that likes to bond with much of what it comes into contact with it, and charcoal is a rough, pitted substance lined with carbon. So, anything pouring over charcoal is likely to leave most of its filth behind. This guide will show you how to build a carbon filter using charcoal left over from a campfire, and common parts. Difficulty: Moderately Easy

14. Safe Water • Things You'll Need: • Pocket knife • Plastic water jug • Ruler • Colander or wire sieve • Caulk • 1. Use a pocket knife to cut the bottom and the top off the water jug. • 2. Measure sections on a colander or wire sieve that fit the top and bottom of the cut water jug. These are the strainers. • 3. Place a strainer over the original opening of the water jug and both fasten and seal it at the same time with caulk. • 4. Fill the jug with small pieces of charcoal. Use real wood charcoal, not cookout briquettes. Any dead campfire should be full of wood charcoal. • 5. Place the other strainer over the opening you cut into the bottom of the jug, and caulk that into place, too. • Using this filter and boiling your water will guarantee clean, safe drinking water from almost any freshwater source. • Read more: How to Make a Camp Water Purifier | eHow.comhttp://www.ehow.com/how_4963375_make-camp-water-purifier.html#ixzz1D7p16M4J

15. Doing the Dishes!! • Maintaining sanitary conditions while camping is just as important as keeping up on sanitary practices as home. Any cross-contamination of harmful bacteria could infect an entire camping party with food-borne illness symptoms, such as vomiting or diarrhea. Preparations should be made in advance of the types of equipment that will be needed to keep the camping parties practicing good hygiene whenever possible. • Items needed to wash and prepare food and clean dishes should be packed whenever camping. • Biodegradable soap or organic soap is preferred over standard dishwashing soap when camping to reduce the pollution levels to soil and water. • Matches, lighters or other fire-making items should be packed to boil water for washing utensils and dishes with. • Dishes should be rinsed using water that has been boiled, as well. • Paper towels can be utilized for drying dishes with and cleaning up other messes. • Garbage bags of various sizes can be used to pack out aluminum cans and other such non-burnable items. • Utensils and canteens should never be shared amongst camping members, so be sure to pack at least one set for each person.

16. What is a Vector? • Vector – • How to control in your home – • How to control in your community – • Control in camp? • Which can people control? • Which takes a lot of time? • Which need both collectively??

17. Control those varmints! • The best way to control rodents is to keep them out of the home in the first place. • Since rodents like to hide in vegetation, your first line of defense is to trim the vegetation close to your home. • Clean yards deny rodents the food and shelter they need for breeding, and they restrict a young rodent's ability to move in. • Piles of grass clippings or tree trimmings make ideal rodent harborages, so properly store and dispose of these materials. • Try to leave a couple of feet of clear space between your house and any vegetation. • Rodents also like to hide under woodpiles or lumber; in abandoned cars, appliances and furniture; and under trashcans. • So remove and properly dispose of all junk. • Store any lumber or wood on racks at least 6-inches off the ground, and away from the house exterior. • Store your trash and garbage cans on racks too, or else on a concrete pad.

18. Food Service and You! • Preparation – • Handling – • Storage – • How to keep food from contamination – • What conditions help organisms multiply in food? • How can you control the growth? • How do you kill them?

19. Sewage treatmentgenerally involves three stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary treatment • Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating materials are removed and the remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary treatment. • Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter. Secondary treatment is typically performed by indigenous, water-borne micro-organisms in a managed habitat. Secondary treatment may require a separation process to remove the micro-organisms from the treated water prior to discharge or tertiary treatment. • Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and secondary treatment in order to allow rejection into a highly sensitive or fragile ecosystem (estuaries, low-flow rivers, coral reefs,...). Treated water is sometimes disinfected chemically or physically (for example, by lagoons and micro filtration) prior to discharge into a stream, river, bay, lagoon or wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf course, green way or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural purposes.

20. The Fundamental Five of Safe Food Service • These are the five fundamentals for safe, sanitary food service. • Although good sanitation includes other details, if any one of these basic five points is missing, the prevention of food contamination is significantly jeopardized.

21. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, • 1. Clean hands: Dirty hands spread germs. Hands and fingernails should be washed thoroughly with soap and water before work, after using toilet and every time they are soiled or become contaminated. • 2. Clean service: Handling utensils the wrong way may spread disease. Single service items should be handled carefully to keep them sanitary. Other utensils should be washed clean, sanitized as recommended by the health authority, then carefully stored and handled. • 3. Clean food: Food may be infected by coughs, sneezes, handling, dirty equipment, vermin, animals, and wastes. It should be protected during storage, preparation, and service.

22. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 • 4. Right temperature: Cold temperatures slow or stop the growth of germs; heat kills them. Cold foods should be kept cold; hot foods should be kept hot. Prepared food should never be left standing at room temperature except during necessary periods of preparation and service. • 5. Healthy personnel: Food service personnel must be healthy to prevent colds and other diseases from being passed to others. Germs from infected cuts, pimples, or boils can contaminate food.

23. Major Health Hazards • Fall in four categories. • Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise Pollution • Food contamination Other hazards include toxic wastes, nuclear radiation, and work-place dangers.

24. Air Pollution • Inversions - An inversion is a freak weather condition in which a mass of warm air rests like a lid on top of cooler air. The warm air traps the lower air and prevents the pollutants in it from being ventilated. The results can be deadly. • Sulfur Dioxide - Sulfur dioxide enters the air from many sources. In the main, however, it is spewed into the atmosphere when heavy fuel oil and coal are burned to provide heat, generate electricity, and provide industrial power. Large cities are especially vulnerable because of their concentrations of heavy industry. • Lead - Substantial evidence indicates that lead in the air can cause neurological harm and impair body chemistry and bone growth. Most airborne lead comes from combustion of solid waste, coal, and oils; emissions from iron and steel production and lead smelters; and tobacco smoke. Children are most immediately affected because they have fewer natural defenses against toxic absorption than adults. But adults too may feel the effects of such absorption. They may, for example, feel tired, cramped, or confused. • Household Chemicals - Depending on its location, structural characteristics, and other factors, the typical home may have as many as 350 or more organic chemical pollutants in its interior air. Household chemical products like spray paints, insecticides, and furniture polish disperse tiny (and toxic) droplets into the air, adding the propellant to the chemicals in the basic product. Among the hazard-producing chemicals, some solvents in particular are known or suspected carcinogens. One of the worst is ethylene chloride, found in paint sprays and paint strippers and in some hair sprays and insecticides. Product labels may identify ethylene chloride as a “chlorinated solution” or as “aromatic hydrocarbons.” • Acid Rain, Carbon Monoxide, 2nd Hand Smoke, Radon, Auto Exhaust……….

25. Water Pollution • To an increasing extent, water pollution has prevented or limited use of many once-valuable sources of water. This progressive deterioration of the nation's water supply has resulted from years of abuse in which natural lakes and waterways were inundated with quantities of raw sewage, waste products of industrial plants and slaughterhouses, petroleum residues, poisonous herbicides and insecticides, and so on. But the pollutants generally fall into two categories: materials that change with time and contact with water, and materials that remain unchanged in form. Organic materials in sewage and such industrial wastes as pulp and paper effluents belong in the first group; inorganic salts like sodium sulfate and such inert inorganic materials as pesticides represent the second. • Communities generate thousands of tons of municipal sewage daily. Industries, the greatest users of water, utilize more than half of all the water consumed in the United States for raw material, heating and cooling processes, and transporting, sorting, and washing operations. Agriculture, the second largest user, requires millions of gallons of water for irrigation and drainage; for spraying orchards and crops, often with insecticides, fungicides, or herbicides; for removal of animal and other organic wastes; and for manufacturing operations such as meat packing and canning.

26. Noise Pollution • “Pollution” refers generally to the various forms of physical pollution by liquids, gases, or solids. Few persons realize that we are all threatened by a pollutant so common that it tends to be overlooked: noise. • Noise assails us nearly everywhere. It fills homes with loud music or the dog's barking or the grinding of the washing machine and the workplace with the chatter of drill presses and the roar of huge engines. Neither city dwellers nor country people can live noise-free today; none of us can escape car and truck horns, motorcycles that belch sound, and the noisy throb of machinery.

27. Tobacco Use • The World Health Organization has estimated that by the year 2025, 500 million people worldwide will die of a tobacco-related disease. Smoking related deaths are almost 3 times the yearly deaths due to illegal drugs, homicide, alcohol, AIDS, suicide, and motor vehicle accidents combined .

28. Alcohol Use • Alcohol is the most widely used drug by adolescents. Problems related to adolescents alcohol use include motor vehicle accidents secondary to driving under the influence and suicides and homicides that involve alcohol use. In addition, there is an increase of unprotected intercourse in those under the influence of alcohol and other drugs.

29. Drug Abuse • MARIJUANA - Marijuana remains the most widely abused illicit drug in the United States and around the world. There remains significant controversy over the effects of the drug on physical and mental health. However, marijuana is no longer considered a benign drug. It has been shown to have negative effects on both physical and psychological health and is associated with the possible development of tolerance, dependence and a withdrawal syndrome. • HALLUCINOGENS - The hallucinogen (“producer of hallucinations”) class of drugs includes LSD, peyote, mescaline, psilocybin, certain mushrooms, DMT (dimethyltryptamine), morning-glory seeds, STP (serenity-tranquility-peace pill), jimsonweed, and PCP (phencyclidine). The term hallucinogen is a misnomer since “prototypical hallucinogens” like LSD and mescaline at usual doses levels do not cause hallucinations (sensory perception changes without a corresponding environmental stimulus) but produce illusions (perceptural distortion of a real environmental stimulus) or distortions of perceived reality. True hallucinations do occur with the use of volatile solvents (e.g., gasoline). With the exception of the hallucinogenic amphetamines, physical withdrawal does not occur.

30. Public Health Agencies • What agencies are in our area? • How does this agency address the concerns of the items we discussed earlier? • What service do they provide to families?

31. Causes of Mortality • What are the four leading causes of mortality in your community in the last five years? • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • How does the agency help to reduce these causes? Is it enough to reduce illness or death?

32. Diseases • What is the role of this agency with any outbreak of diseases. • What can you do as an individual to reduce the outbreak of disease?

33. Public Assistance • Floods – • Storms – • Tornados – • Earthquakes – • Other acts of destruction – • What clean up is needed after a disaster occurs?

34. Public Health Professionals • Who – • Education – • Training – • Experience –