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Public Health

Public Health. By Dr: Yara Shamikh. Public Health Important topics. Family School Geriatric Global warming Smoking Oral health. Epidemiology Food Water Wastes Environment Protective medicine. Diseases. Diseases. There are four main types of disease: Pathogenic disease

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Public Health

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  1. Public Health By Dr: Yara Shamikh

  2. Public HealthImportant topics Family School Geriatric Global warming Smoking Oral health • Epidemiology • Food • Water • Wastes • Environment • Protective medicine • Diseases

  3. Diseases There are four main types of disease: Pathogenic disease Deficiency disease Hereditary disease Physiological disease Diseases can also be classified as Communicable Non-communicable disease.

  4. Epidemiology of communicable diseases Epidemiology Etiology Communicable disease Infection Infestation Epidemiology of diseases may be: Epidemic Pandemic Endemic Sporadic

  5. Epidemiology of communicable diseases cont. Epidemiology: Is the study of all factors connected to incidence and spread of a disease Etiology:Causative agent of a disease. Communicable disease: A disease that could be transmitted by direct or indirect contact from human, animal or insect to a human. Non-communicable disease:a disease that can't be spread between people Infection:Establishment of a relationship between a host and a parasite, may result in disease and/or immunity. Infestation:Lodgment, development and reproduction of an arthropod on the surface of the body e.g. Lice.

  6. Epidemiology of communicable diseases cont. • Epidemic:An outbreak of a diseasein a community i.e. when the No. of cases exceeds that expected • a- Common source epidemic:People infected from a common source e.g. water, where the number of cases increases and decreases rapidly. • b- Propagated epidemic:Person to person epidemic, where the number of cases increases and increases and decreases slowly. • Pandemic: An epidemic occurring over a wide geographic area, more than one nation over the world • e.g. plague in wars. • Endemic: Habitual presenceof a disease in a community • e.g. Bilharzia in Egypt. • Sporadic: Infrequent and scattered cases of a disease in • a community.

  7. Epidemiology of communicable diseases cont. Herd immunity:is a situation in which much of a population is immune to a disease, which stops disease's spread. Zoonotic infection: An infection, which is, transmitted under natural conditions from vertebrate animal into man e.g. brucellosis, plague, rabies, anthrax and bovine T.B. Nosocomial infection: Hospitally acquired infection e.g. pseudomonas, hepatitis B. Occupational infection: Infection associated with certain profession (work), are usually zoonotic e.g. - Brucellosis and anthrax for framers, slaughters and veterinarians, - Leptospirosis for miners and sewers, - Bird flue for people handling birds.

  8. Epidemiological studies I- Descriptive studies II- Analytical study III- Experimental studies • I- Descriptive studies: • Observing the distribution of a disease in a community. It depends on collecting data from: • i) Survey study • ii) Registered data from health authorities • Data should include: • 1- Number of cases studied. • 2- Segment of people affected. • 3- Location and time. • 4- Age, sex, socioeconomic level, job and marital state.

  9. Epidemiological studies cont. II- Analytical study: Show the relation between certain disease and a predisposing factor e.g. cancer and working in asbestos. 1- Retrospective (in the past): case control study • i) Case group:suffering from certain disease. • ii) Control group: comparable group but not suffering from the same disease. • Study life style, diet, and work ….. etc. 2- Prospective (followed in future) control study: • i) Study group: individuals exposed to a risky factor e.g. smoking. • ii) Control group: comparable group but not exposed to the same risk. • It is more tedious, but more accurate.

  10. Epidemiological studies cont. III- Experimental studies: • Also two groups (study and control) as prospective to show the effect of new drug or vaccine. • Results of the studies are expressed as: Relative risk = incidence of disease in a study group incidence of disease in control group • Incidence rate of a disease = Number of infected persons X 100 • Population at risk • Prevalence rate of a disease = Total number of infected persons

  11. Source or reservoir of infections Human Non living e.g. soil Animal

  12. 1. Human reservoir Case Carrier Case:Either clinical or subclinical form. Carrier:Is a person who harbors the micro organism and shed it in absence of clinical disease or symptoms. Carriers are the most dangerous reservoir for infections.

  13. 1. Human reservoir cont. Classification of carriers According to Type Acc. to Portal of exit Acc. to Duration According to type Healthy carrier: A person who receive the infection from another carrier (very dangerous). Incubatory carrier: A person who shed the micro organism during the incubation period (specially last days of the incubation period) e.g. mumps, measles and diphtheria. Convalescent carrier: a person who still shed the micro organism during the convalescent period e.g. typhoid, dysentery and whooping cough. Convalescent period: The time between the disappearance of symptoms and disappearance of the micro organism from the host.

  14. 1. Human reservoir cont. B) According to duration: Temporary carrier: Person who shed the micro organism for short period Chronic carrier: Person who shed the micro organism for indefinite periods (very dangerous). C) According to portal of exit: Respiratory carrier: e.g. influenza Fecal (intestinal) carrier: e.g. typhoid, dysentery, cholera Blood carrier: e.g. hepatitis B and AIDs Urinary or sexualCarrier: e.g. gonococcus and AIDs

  15. 2. Animal reservoir Zoonosesare diseases that affect wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans. Zoonotic reservoirs can be either • Unidirectional : transmitting only from non-humans to humans. • Bi-directional : back and forth between non-human animals and humans. About 150 zoonotic human disease are known. These include: Anthrax, brucellosis, bubonic plague, cat-scratch fever, chagas' disease, hydatid cyst, influenza, leptospirosis, Lyme disease, malaria, pneumonic plague, psittacosis, Q fever, rabies, ringworm, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, salmonellosis, tapeworm, trichinosis, toxoplasmosis, tularemia, typhus fever, western equine encephalitis, yellow fever.

  16. 3. Nonliving Reservoirs • Soil:fungi, C. botulinum, C. tetani • Water:V. cholerae, S. typhi, protozoans, algae • Improperly prepared or stored foods : trichinosis and salmonellosis

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