Reconstruction: 1865-1877

1. Reconstruction: 1865-1877 Rebuilding the South: Physically Politically Socially

2. Planning Reconstruction • Lincoln’s Plan • One nation – One people • Amnesty • Loyalty to Union • Accept ban on slavery • 10% make pledges • Form new state govern. • Readmitted to Union • 10% Plan

3. Opposition to Lincoln’s Plan • Who plans reconstruction? • President • Congress • Republican Opposition • Concern about slaves • Concern about traitors • Wade-Davis Bill • Ban slavery in state • Majority of males take loyalty oath • Swear never supported Confederacy to vote or hold office • Lincoln’s Veto

4. The 13th Amendment • Republican Agreement • Abolish Slavery • Emancipation Proclamation • Only freed in non-occupied states • Slavery still existed • Constitutionality? • 13th Amend. Proposed • January 31, 1865 • December 18, 1865 Ratified

5. Abolition Complete? • Positives • Legalize marriages • Search for relatives • New last names • Negatives • Lack of farmland • Lack of skills • Continuing prejudice • Voting rights?

6. Freedman’s Bureau • Established 1865 • Relief of all poor in South • Black • White • Oliver O. Howard • Distribute Food • Set Labor Contracts • Assist War Veterans • Promote Education • Howard and Fisk Universities

7. A New President • April 14th, 1865 • Plot by John Wilkes Booth • Kill President, Vice-President, Sec. of War • Our American Cousin • Lincoln’s Death • April 14, 1865 • “Now he belongs to the ages.” • Andrew Johnson President

8. Assassination

9. Oh Captain! My Captain! O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done, The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is won, The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring; But O heart! heart! heart! O the bleeding drops of red, Where on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells; Rise up--for you the flag is flung--for you the bugle trills, For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths--for you the shores a-crowding, For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning; Here Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head! It is some dream that on the deck, You've fallen cold and dead. My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still, My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will, The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done, From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won; Exult O shores, and ring O bells! But I with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. Walt Whitman (1819-1892)

10. Pres. Johnson’s Reconstruction • Appoint temporary governor • Oath of loyalty / Pardon • Elect delegates • Convention to write state constitution • Elect state representatives • Declare secession illegal • Repudiate Confederate Debts • Accept 13th Amendment • 1865 – All but Texas • Congressional reaction • Refuses to accept representatives • Refuse to readmit states to Union

11. The Fight over Reconstruction • Black Codes • New state legislatures • Pass laws denying Black rights • Work contracts • No gun ownership • No renting in city • A consistent effort to limit Black freedom • Alexander Stephens and Ex-Rebels in Congress

12. Radical Republicans • No Change in South! • Black Codes • Rights/Voting for Blacks • Moderates • Don’t use federal force in South • Radicals • Use federal force as necessary to implement changes • Thaddeus Stevens • Charles Sumner • Anti-Johnson • Growing support in Congress

13. Johnson versus Congress • 1866 Congressional Vote • Freedman’s Bureau - use military courts to try violators of Black rights • Jackson Veto • No new laws on South until represented in Congress • Freedman’s Bureau unconstitutional • Civil Rights Act of 1866 • Black legal rights • Jackson veto

14. The Fourteenth Amendment • Protect Civil Rights Act • Defines U.S. citizens • Equal protection under law • Due process of law • Bans Confederate officers from holding office • State laws subject to review by federal courts • Congress has power to pass laws to enforce amendment

15. Ratifying the 14th Amendment • Congressional election of 1866 • Opponents • Johnson and Democrats • Proponents • Republicans • Factors • Riots in South: Memphis, New Orleans

16. Congress Takes Charge • 1866 Election • Radical Republicans gain 2/3 majority • Can override any veto • Moderate & Radical Republicans unite • Reconstruction Acts 1867 • Divide South into 5 districts • U.S. military commanders • Rejoin union • Support 14th Amendment • Allow Blacks to vote

17. Congress Takes Charge • Johnson’s Opposes Reconstruction Acts • Congress Reacts • Tenure of Office Act • Can’t remove cabinet members • Johnson fires Edward Stanton, Sec. of War • House of Reps Reacts • Impeach Johnson • Trial in Senate • “Not Guilty” by 1 vote

18. Election of 1868 and 1872 • Candidates - 1868 • Horatio Seymour – Dem. • Ulysses S. Grant – Rep. • Grant • War hero • Supports Congressional Reconstruction plan • “Let Us Have Peace” • 7 States Readmitted • Violence at Southern Polls • Grant victory

19. The 15th Amendment 1869 • Why another amendment? • Protect Reconstruction plans • Extend Black voting rights to Northern states • Grants Black males in U.S. the right to vote • Takes effect in 1870 • Criticisms • Right to hold office • Rights of women

20. Grant Administ. Flounders • Scandals in Cabinet • Panic of 1873 • Loss of Jobs • Weak Economy • Election of 1874 • Democrats take control of House or Representatives

21. Opposition to Reconstruction • Ku Klux Klan • 1866 • Oppose Civil Rights • Oppose Black Suffrage • Threat in 1870s and Beyond • General Amnesty Act • 1872 • Former Confed Officers can be elected

22. Compromise of 1877 • Election of 1877 • Rutherford B. Hayes – Rep • Samuel J. Tilden – Dem • Tilden – Popular Vote • SC, FL, LA • Contested voting • Awarded to Hayes • Senate approves • House divided • Compromise • Hayes – Electoral votes • Withdraw troops from South

23. End of Reconstruction • “Redeeming” the South • End of Republican rule • Rise of Democratic party • White rule • Jim Crow Laws • Segregation • Disfranchisement • Violence & Intimidation • Lynchings • 1889-1899 • 187 Blacks a year