Warm UP-

1. Warm UP- • Set up title page- chapters 3 and 4 • Pick up and READ the article located on the overhead • Think about 3 things about yourself that you believe are influenced by nature and 3 that are influences by nurture

2. Chapter 3: Nature and Nurture of Behavior

3. Nature

4. Genes • Chromosomes • threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genes • Total of 46…23 from Mom, 23 from Dad. • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes • has two strands-forming a “double helix”- held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides

5. Genes Small segments of your chromosomes Have about 30,000 a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein Genes

6. Genes • Nucleotides:biochemical letters that make up genes. Some 3 billion paired nucleotides define the genes that determine your individual biological development. Letters: A T C and G. • Sequence of nucleotides is what makes humans, human…pigs, pigs, etc.

7. Genome the complete instructions for making an organism consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes Genes

8. Positives and Negatives of Genetic Engineering? • Human Genome Project: goal is to map the human genome down to the nucleotide and identify all the genes present in it. • Reflect on Questions given for a few minutes.

9. Question Reflection: Positives and Negatives of Genetic Engineering? 1.  If it were possible, would you want to take a genetic test telling you which diseases you are likely to suffer from later in life? 2.  If you or your spouse were pregnant, would you want the unborn child tested for genetic defects? 3.  Do you think it should be legal for employers to use genetic tests in deciding whom to hire?

10. Evolutionary Psychology • Based on the ideas of Charles Darwin and natural selection: the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations • Mutations • random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides • the source of all genetic diversity

11. Evolutionary Psychology 1A • Evolutionary Psychology:the study of the evolution of behavior using the principles of natural selection. • Believe that nature selects physical as well as behavioral traits that prepare humans to survive, reproduce, and send genes into the future.

12. Evolutionary Example • Evolutionary Psychologists believe we favor sweets and fats now since in the prehistoric era these were harder to come by and allowed ancestors to survive famine. • Problem today? • Complete Handout 3.2 concerning Evolutionary Psychology.

13. Gender and Evolutionary Psychology • Gender: in psychology, the characteristics, where biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female • Evolutionary Psychologists have found major gender differences in both attitudes and behaviors towards sex.

14. Gender Differences in Attitudes and Behaviors (#2) • Attitudes: Males tend to have a much more recreational approach to sex vs. women’s relational approach. • Behavior: Males are more likely to be promiscuous and aggressive towards sex than females. • Florida State Example • Men tend to perceive a women’s friendliness as a sexual come-on

15. Women most often send their genes into the future by pairing wisely Men by pairing widely Complete Handout 3.3 How would Evolutionary Psychologist Explain this Difference?

16. Mate Selection • Both men and women rated mutual attraction-love,dependable character, emotional stability, maturity and pleasing disposition as most important • Least important- chastity, similar religious backgrounds and similar political backgrounds • More Important to Males- good looks and chastity (1C) • More Important to Females- financial security and ambitious (1B)

17. Preferred by Males Kindness IQ Physical Attractiveness Exciting personality Good Health Adaptability Creativity Desire for Children College Graduate Good Heredity Good Earning capacity Good Housekeeper Religious orientation Preferred By Females Kindness IQ Exciting Personality Good Health Adaptability Physical attractiveness Creativity Good earning capacity College graduate Desire for children Good heredity Good housekeeper Religious orientation

18. Gender Differences and Attraction • Across the board men and women prefer youthful appearance.

19. Gender Differences and Attraction • Men tend to be especially drawn to “physical attractiveness.” • Women are especially attracted to males who seem mature, dominant, and affluent.

20. Gender Differences and Attraction How would Evolutionary Psychologist Explain this? • Men look for youth b/c young women have more childbearing years and men just want to send their genes into the future • Men prefer women who’s waists are 1/3 narrower than their hips, a sign of future fertility

21. How would Evolutionary Psychologist Explain this? • Women prefer mature, dominant and affluent men b/c they are more able to protect and provide for the family • Men tend to be risk takers ( or stupid) b/c they need to show their women “ look at me! I have so much strength and skill that I am fearless. I will survive no matter how much I drink or how fast I drive.” • Women spend more time on appearance and money • Men spend more time on status and dominance • Men are constantly trying to out do other men to compete for fertile women

22. Men and women are a lot more similar Want single, long term partners Evolutionaries focus too much on nature Criticisms of Evolutionary Approach: Do you Buy It? 1D

23. Behavior Genetics • Behavior Genetics • study of the power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior • Environment • every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

24. Identical twins Fraternal twins Same sex only Same or opposite sex Behavior Genetics and Use of Twin Studies • Identical Twins • develop from a single zygote (fertilized egg) that splits in two, creating two genetic replicas • Fraternal Twins • develop from separate zygotes • genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environment

25. What’s the Value of Twin Studies to Behavior Geneticists? #3 • Genes Matter • Extraversion and neuroticism in identical twins is more similar than in fraternal twins • Identical twins are more similar in abilities, personalities and interests • Identical twins raised apart are still very similar • Example- Jim twins

26. How Have Psychologists Used Adoption Studies? #4 • Genes Matter • Adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents • Especially in personality • Parents do have an influence on values, manners , faith and politics

27. Behavior Genetics #5 • Temperament • a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity • Difficult- irritable,intense and unpredictable • Easy- cheerful,relaxed and predictable • Hereditary • Complete Handout 3.6.

28. Temperament • 3 Temperaments • Activity- High-busybodies, like action • Emotionality- High-frightened and angry easy. Quick tempered • Sociability – High- seek out others, enjoy company

29. Temperament • 1st- reverse the number they placed in front of items 6, 18 and 19 • So… 5=1,4=2,3=3,2=4,1=5 • For Activity- add 2, 7, 10 and 17 • For Sociability- add 1, 6, 15, 20 • Emotionality- 3 parts • Distress- 4, 9, 11, 16 • Fearfulness- 3, 12, 14, 19 • Anger- 5, 8, 13, 18

30. Temperament Women Men Activity 13.40 12.80 Sociability 15.24 14.60 Emotionality Distress 10.08 9.72 Fearfulness 10.60 8.92 Anger 10.28 10.80

31. Behavior Genetics • Heritability: the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes • Boys raised in barrels example

32. Behavior Genetics • Interaction (#7) • the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity) • Our genes affect how people react to and influence us • Molecular Genetics (#8) • the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes • Ex: Human Genome Project • Designer babies?

33. Warm Up – page 3 • 1. What is the nature/nurture debate? • 2. What is an evolutionary psychologist? • 3. How do men and women differ in their mate selection? • 4. What do behavioral geneticists study? • 5. What is the Human Genome Project?

34. Nurture

35. Influence of Environment Starts in the Womb #9 • Prenatal Environment: first stage of nurture, when embryos and fetuses receive differing nutrition and varying levels of exposure to toxic agents.

36. Influence of Environment Starts in the Womb • Two placental arrangements in identical twins

37. Rat brain cell Impoverished environment Rat brain cell Enriched environment More Environmental Influence • Experience affects brain development

38. Experience and Brain Development #9 • More stimulation= better brain development • Stimulation and touch can help premature babies • Language development in children before age 8 • Don’t use it, you lose it

39. Peer influences may exceed parental influence Parents can help shape influences;schools, neighborhoods, etc. Peer Influence

40. Environmental Influences • Culture • the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next • Norm • an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior • Personal Space #10 • Expressions

41. Environmental Influences • Memes • self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovation passed from person to person.

42. Western cultures like independent children Asian and African cultures focus on emotional closeness Culture and Child Rearing #11

43. The Nature of Gender #12 • X Chromosome • the sex chromosome found in both men and women • females have two; males have one • an X chromosome from each parent produces a female • Y Chromosome • the sex chromosome found only in men • when paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

44. Nature of Gender #13 • Testosterone • the most important of the male sex hormones • both males and females have it • additional testosterone in males stimulates • growth of male sex organs in the fetus • development of male sex characteristics during puberty

45. Nurture of Gender • Gender Role • a set of expected behaviors for males and females • Gender Identity • one’s sense of being male or female • Gender-typing • the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

46. Nurture of Gender • Social Learning Theory • theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished • Gender Schema Theory • theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly

47. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage Men Women 1967 ‘71 ‘75 ‘79 ‘83 ‘87 ‘91 ‘95 Year Nature or Nurture? • Percentage agreeing “The activities of married women are best confined to home and family”