Life Science NJ ASK Review

1. Life Science NJ ASK Review 8th Grade Science

2. Animal vs. Plant Cell • Determine the similarities and differences.

3. Animal vs. Plant • Chloroplasts • Cell Walls • One Large Central Vacuole • Nucleus usually pushed to • the side • Usually rectangular(ish) • Mitochondria • Ribosomes • ER • Rough • Smooth • Vacuoles • Nucleus • Nuclear Membrane • Cell Membrane • Cytoplasm • Golgi Apparatus • Lysosomes • Many small vacuoles • Nucleus is usually in • the center • Rounded

4. What is a food chain? • A food chain is “a sequence of organisms, each of which uses the next, lower member of the sequence as a food source1”

5. Important facts about food chains • In a food chain each organism obtains energy from the one at the level below. • Plants are called because they create their own food through photosynthesis • Animals are because they cannot create their own food, they must eat plants or other animals to get the energy that they need. producers consumers

6. Four types of consumer • animals that eat only plants • animals that eat only other animals. • animals that eat animals and plants. • Animals that eat dead materials and organic wastes Herbivores: Carnivores: Omnivores: Detritivores:

7. Other Ways to Classify Consumers • Primary Consumers: • Secondary Consumers: • Tertiary Consumers: Herbivores. Carnivores that eat herbivores. Carnivores that eat other carnivores.

8. Identify the producer, one primary consumer, one secondary consumer and a tertiary consumer. Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Primary Consumers Producer

9. Hierarchy of Biological Classification Six Kingdoms

10. Hierarchy of Biological Classification

11. An easy way to remember… King = Kingdom Philip = Phylum Came = Class Over = Order For = Family Good = Genus Soup = Species • Which taxonomic group includes all the other groups? • Human beings are most closely related to other • animals that are in the same ________________. Kingdom Species

12. Organization of Living Organisms Cells -basic unit of an animal’s structure -become specialized _______________________________ Tissues -made of cells that work together to perform a specific function __________________________________________ Organs -made of different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function ____________________________________________________ Organ Systems -made of organs that work together to perform a specific function _____________________________________________________________ Organisms

14. Genetics - What are traits? • Physical Traits • Can be seen by others • Examples: • Acquired Traits • Learned skills • Examples: • Behavioral Traits • Instinctual actions • Examples: • Eye color, hair color, height, left handed • Playing a sport, riding a bike, playing a musical instrument • Nest building and migration

15. Genetics The genotype is the specific genetic makeup of an individual, usually in the form of DNA. It codes for the phenotype of the individual. • Genotype • Phenotype • Allele • An individual with non-identical alleles of a gene is for that gene • Examples: Bb, Tt, Aa • An individual with identical alleles of a gene is for that gene • Examples: BB or bb, TT or tt • An individual’s observable traits. What people can SEE when they look at you Different forms of a gene, which produce variations of a genetically inherited trait. heterozygous homozygous

16. Terms Used in Modern Genetics • A genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor is called • A genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant • factor is called • An allele is dominant if its effect masks the effect of a recessive allele paired with it • Capital letters (A) signify dominant alleles; lowercase letters (a) signify recessive alleles • Homozygous dominant(AA) • Homozygous recessive(aa) • Heterozygous(Aa) dominant recessive

17. Generation 1 B B b b In this case we have a dad with black fur and a mother with white fur. Because black is the dominant gene, we write it with a capital ‘B’. White fur is a recessive trait. It is written with a lowercase ‘b’. It does not matter what letter we choose to represent a gene, but capital letter is always dominant and lowercase is always recessive.

18. Tongue Curling T=can curl T=cannot curl T t T T Copy into your notebook and complete the Punnett’s Square. What percentage of offspring will be able to curl their tongue?