CO2 geological storage in saline formations Auli Niemi Uppsala University

1. CO2 geological storage in saline formations Auli Niemi Uppsala University Department of Earth Sciences Hydrologidagarna 2014 2014-03-18 Stockhoms Universitet

2. Outline • What is CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) • Key processes • Key issues and challenges • Ongoing research projects at Uppsala University

3. Principle of CO2 storage in saline aquifer CO2 > 800 m A sufficiently impermeable seal (cap rock) Several kilometers A sufficiently permeable reservoir rock Brine Supercritical CO2

4. Estimate of role of CCS in reducingatmospheric CO2 Source: IEA

5. Options for Geological Storage IPCC, 2005 • deep saline aquifers • depleted oil and gas fields • unmineable coal seams • other options (e.g. basalts) Depleted oil/gas fields: • Well understood, lot of data, EOR possibility, proven capability to hold hydrocarbons • Extensively drilled (leaks?), not sufficient volumetric capacity Deep saline formations • Largest overall capacity • Less previous data, not as well demonstrated (sealing capacity)

6. Global distribution of CO2 sources IEA GHG, 2002 Geographic distribution of largestationarysources Distribution of sources by sector

7. Distribution of CO2sources in Sweden/Baltic Distribution of sources by sector Geographic distribution of large stationarysources

8. Potential areas for storage Prospective areas in sedimentary basins world-wide (IPCC, 2005). Prospective areas in sedimentary basins in Swedish territory (after Henkel et al, Erlström et al, 2011)

9. How is CO2 stored in the deepaquifer?

10. How is CO2 stored in the deepaquifer? CO2 CO2 gets physically trapped beneath the sealing cap-rock and low permeability layers

11. How is CO2 stored in the deepaquifer? CO2 CO2 gets trapped as immobile isolated residual ’blobs’ in the pore space CO2 gets physically trapped beneath the sealing cap-rock and low permeability layers

12. How is CO2 stored in the deepaquifer? CO2 CO2 gets physically trapped beneath the sealing cap-rock and low permeability layers CO2 gets trapped as immobile isolated residual ’blobs’ in the pore space CO2 dissolves into water

13. How is CO2 stored in the deepaquifer? CO2 CO2 gets physically trapped beneath the sealing cap-rock and low permeability layers CO2 gets trapped as immobile isolated residual ’blobs’ in the pore space CO2 dissolves into water CO2 converts into solid minerals

14. GCCSI identified (mostly planned) large scale projects

15. Sleipner (North Sea) project • longest running environmentally motivated CCS project • operating since 1996 • Ideal storage reservoir (uniform, thick, extensive, high porosity, high permeability reservoir layer, thick seal of shale

16. Seismic monitoring to observe the plume at Sleipner T. Torp, 2011

17. Computer modeling matches the observed plume behavior - Sleipner Myer, 2012

18. Weyburn (Canada) project • EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) purposes • largest amount stored so far • seismic monitoring has been succesful here too

19. In Salah (Alger) • Gas field, injection since 2004, stored 2.5 Million Ton • Application of seismic monitoring challenging • InSar maps of surface deformation together with geomechanical modeling key to understanding CO2 migration

20. EU roadmap to CCS implementation

21. Key challenges Technical Non-technical Financial uncertainty Regulatory uncertainty Public acceptance Infrastructure • Storage capacity • Cost - primarily capture • Possible environmental risks - leakage - brine migration and pressure increase - mechanical integrity, induced seismicity

22. CCS work at Uppsala University Extensive participation to EU R&D projects Studies in Sweden; - two pre-feasibility studies during 2012-2013 financed by Energimyndigheten (SwedstoreCO2 and Bastor)

23. Our Ongoing EU R&D projects MUSTANG – large-scaleintegratingproject for quantifyingSalineAquifers for CO2 GeologicalStorage (2009-2014) • Coordinator Panacea – projectfocusing on long term effectsof CO2 GeologicalStorage (2012-2014) - WP leader (led by EWRE, Israel) TRUST– projectcontinuing and expanding the field experimentof MUSTANG (Nov. 2012-Nov 2017) - WP leader(led by EWRE, Israel) CO2QUEST– projectfocusing on effectofimpuritiesof CO2 stream (March 2013- Feb 2016) - WP leader(led by UCL, England)

24. Uppsala led large EU R&D Project - MUSTANG • MUSTANG (www.co2mustang.eu) • Developmethodology and understandingfor the quantification of salineaquifers for CO2 • geologicalstorage • Largescaleintegratingproject, 19 partners, • 24 affiliatedorganizatons • 7 test sitesincluding • onedeepinjection experiment • and oneshallowinjection experiment of CO2, • as well as strong laboratory experiment, process understanding and modelingcomponents Test sites

25. MUSTANG PARTNERS MUSTANG SIRAB

26. Understranding the site properties Contributing: UU, SGU, UNOTT, CSIC, LIAG, UGÖTT,GII, IIT, EWRE, UB, CNRS, UEDIN

27. Example – South Scania Site Sweden Contributing: UU, SGU

28. Improving the field testing methods CO2 Injection-monitoring –sampling system Geophysical methods Interface-specific tracers Contributing: UU, UGÖTT,GII, EWRE, CNRS, Imageau, Solexperts, Vibrometric, CSIC

29. Laboratory Experiments Laboratory Experiments - Synopsis Percolation bench Caprock samples Reservoir rock samples Brine-CO2 mixture properties Reservoir properties Fractured caprock alteration Claystone 20mm Initial state 1mm Contributing: CNRS, UGÖTT, KIT, UEDIN, UU

30. Example - Improving simulation models • Saturation • Porosity after calcite dissolution CaCO3(s) + H+ = Ca2+ + HCO3− CO2(aq) = CO2(g) H+ + HCO3− = H2O + CO2(aq) NaCl(s) = Na+ + Cl− HCO3− = H+ + CO32- H2O= H+ + OH− Saaltnik et al, 2012

31. Heletz deep CO2 injection experiment Scientifically motivated CO2 injectionexperiment of scCO2 injection to a reservoir layer at 1600 m depth, with sophisticated monitoring and sampling

32. CO2 injection experiment Objectives • To gain understanding and develop methods to determine the two key trapping mechanisms of CO2 (residual trapping and dissolution trapping) at field scale, impact of heterogeneity • Validation of predictive models, measurement and monitoring techniques wells for field experiments

33. Determine in-situ residual and dissolution trapping parameters injection-withdrawal of scCO2 and brine 1. 2. push-pull dipole scCO2, brine & tracers sc CO2 zone of residual trapped scCO2 • Reduced influence of formation heterogeneity • Heterogeneity affects migration and trapping • Hydraulic tests • Thermal tests • Tracer tests residual trapping residual trapping residual & dissolution trapping, (& interfacial area)

34. Our Ongoing EU R&D projects MUSTANG– large-scaleintegratingproject for quantifyingSalineAquifers for CO2 GeologicalStorage (2009-2014) • http://www.co2mustang.eu (Uppsala coordinator, closing meeting in Uppsala May 26-27, 2014) Panacea – projectfocusing on long term effectsof CO2 GeologicalStorage (2012-2014) • http://panacea-co2.org/ TRUST– projectcontinuing and expanding the field experimentof MUSTANG (Nov. 2012-Nov 2017) • http://trust-co2.org/ CO2QUEST– projectfocusing on effectofimpuritiesof CO2 stream (March 2013- Feb 2016) • http://www.co2quest.eu/

35. Panacea - long-term effects of CO2 Heletz Hontomin Partners: EWRE, Uppsala, Göttingen Univ, CSIC, CNRS, Edinburgh Univ., Cambridge Univ, Technion, Statoil, Nottingham Univ, Imageau (Nat Res Can, CO2CRC, LBNL)

36. Possibilities to store CO2 in Sweden/Baltic • two feasibility studies 2012-2013, financed by the Swedish Energy Authority • SwedeStoreCO2; to look at possibilities for a pilot scale injection experiment in the Swedish territory • BASTOR; to look at possibilities to store CO2 in the Baltic Sea - so far financing by Finland and Sweden

38. Contact person: C.Juhlin Uppsala University

39. Bastor project: objective to look at the storage capacity in the Baltic sea as a whole Led by Elforsk/Panaware (contact person: P-A Nilsson)

40. Baltic Sea formations SLR report, 2013, to be released by Energymyndigheten

41. Estimated porosity and permeability – Dalders monocline

42. Example simulation results; southern part of Dalders monocline

43. Thank you for your attention!