Models/Frameworks for Assignment 1

1. Models/Frameworksfor Assignment 1

2. National Culture

3. Florence Kluckhohnand Fred Strodtbeck • American anthropologists and social theorists • Florence Kluckhohn Center for the Study of Values • Harvard Values Project • Value orientation method (VOM) 1940s-1950s: A tool to help identify differences in core values across cultures • Five common concerns • Three ways to respond called value orientations

4. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961)

5. Geert Hofstede • Dutch management researcher • Late 1960s and early 1970s • Surveyed over 100,000 employees of IBM • 50 countries in three regions • Work-related attitudes across the countries http://www.geerthofstede.nl/ http://www.geert-hofstede.com/

6. Hofstede (1980)

7. Edward T. Hall • American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher • Hall first created the concept of proxemics • He coined the term polychronic • Did not provide individual scores for countries http://www.edwardthall.com/

8. Hall (1981)

9. Fons Trompenaars • Dutch management researcher • Studied Shell and other managers • 15000 managers from 28 countries representing 47 national cultures • Over a period of ten years http://www.7d-culture.nl/website/AboutTHT/Bios/FT.asp

10. Trompenaars (1993)

11. Shalom Schwartz • Israeli social psychologist, cross-cultural researcher and author of theory of basic human values • More psychological view • Motivational goals are the essential distinction between societal values • Ten universal human values • Level of analysis • Three dimensions at the cultural level

12. Schwartz (1992)

13. GLOBE (2004) • Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness • Robert House • 170 researchers collected data over seven years • 18000 managers in 62 countries • Wide variety of industries and sizes of organisations http://www.thunderbird.edu/sites/globe/

14. GLOBE (2004)

15. GLOBE Clusters

16. Luciara Nardon and Richard Steers http://www.sprott.carleton.ca/faculty_and_research/lnardon.html http://www.lcb.uoregon.edu/forms/profile/profile.html?id=178&format=full • Assistant Professor at Carleton University • Cross-cultural management • Virtual organizations • Cultural approaches to technology management • Socio-cognitive institutions • Professor at University of Oregan • Culture, cognition, and managerial communication • Culture and leadership • Culture and management practices

17. Core Cultural Dimensions

18. Core Cultural Dimensions for Country Clusters

19. Communication

20. Communication Secondary Source: Lewicki, Barry and Saunders (2010)

21. Attitudes • Topic • Values • Beliefs • Time • Place Communication (Cooper, Calloway-Thomas, & Simonds, 2007)

22. Intercultural Communication Process Sender Encodes Meaning Medium Message Receiver Decodes Meaning Noise Culture Feedback Source: Deresky (2011)

23. Culture and Communication: A Model • Culture 1: Sender’s normative beliefs about appropriate communication behaviour Culturally compatible communication style Sender’s communication style • Other influences on communication processes Receiver’s communication style • Culture 2: Receiver’s normative beliefs about appropriate communication behaviour Culturally compatible communication style Source: Steers, Sanchez-Runde & Nardon (2010)