Chapter 5 Classical Greece

1. Chapter 5 Classical Greece Unit 2: Warring City-States World History Core

2. Main Idea • Power and Authority • The growth of city-states in Greece led to the development of several political systems, including democracy

3. Why it matters now? • Many political systems in today’s world mirror the varied forms of government that evolved in Greece

4. Terms and Names • Polis • Acropolis • Monarchy • Aristocracy • Oligarchy • Tyrant • Democracy • Helot • Phalanx • Persian Wars

5. Setting the Stage • Dorian period Greece experienced a decline • 2 things changed: • 1. Developed a new personal culture (not ancestral) • 2. Government changed from tribal to more formal city-state structure

6. Rule and Order in Greek City-States • 750 BC, city-states (POLIS) was the political unit in Greece • Made up of a city and its surrounding country • 50-500 square miles • Fewer than 10,000 residents • People gathered in two spots to discuss government • 1. AGORA: Marketplace • 2. ACROPOLIS: Fortified hilltop

7. Athenian agora to the left Greek acropolis to the right

8. Rule and Order in Greek City-States Greek Political Structure

9. Rule and Order in Greek City-States Tyrants Seize Power • Many clashes about power in city-states between common people and nobility • Tyrants: individuals who seized control of government by appealing to the common people for support • Work for interest of ordinary people (unlike today)

11. Athens Builds Limited Democracy • Representative government took hold in Athens • Rich and poor clashed BUT solved issues quickly • Moved toward DEMOCRACY (rule by the people) • Citizens participated directly

12. Athens Builds Limited Democracy Building a Democracy • Steps towards democracy • 1. Draco: 621BC • Developed a legal code based on Athenian idea, rich and poor equal under the law • Extremely harsh with criminals and types of punishment • Had debt slavery

13. Athens Builds Limited Democracy • Steps toward democracy con’t. • 2. Solon: 594BC • Outlawed debt slavery • Organized Athens into four social groups • Only citizens in the top three levels can hold public office • All citizens participated in government • Athenian Assembly • Bring charges against a wrongdoer

14. Athens Builds Limited Democracy • Steps towards democracy con’t 2 • 3. Cleisthenes: 500BC • Broke up power of nobility by organizing citizens in ten groups based on where they lived rather than wealth • Increased power of assembly by allowing all citizens to present laws for debate and passage • Council of 500 • Proposed laws and counseled assembly • Members chosen by lot • Citizenship: free, adult males, who owned property • Women, slaves, foreigners were excluded and had few rights

15. Athens Builds Limited Democracy Athenian Education • Sons of wealthy received formal education • Age 7 • Prepared to be good citizens • Reading, grammar, poetry, history, math, and music • Expected to debate in assembly also taught logic and public speaking (rhetoric) • Important to develop and train body – so they also spent each day in athletic activities • Military school when older (duty of citizens) • Girls educated at home by moms • Child rearing, cloth weaving, cooking, clean house, and to be good wives/mothers • Few learned to read and write

16. Ancient Athens

17. SPARTA

18. Sparta Builds A Military State • Located on the Peloponnesus • Cut off by rest of Greece by Gulf of Corinth • Completely different from much of Greece, especially Athens • Built a military state Sparta Dominates Messenians • 725BC Sparta conquered Messina and neighboring lands • Messenians became HELOTS (peasants forced to stay on land they worked) • Had to give ½ of crops to Spartans • Messenians revolted in 650BC-Sparta barely won=VOWED TO BE STRONGER

19. Sparta Builds A Military State Sparta’s Government and Society • Branches of government: • 1. Assembly: all Spartan citizens and elected officials. • Voted on major issues proposed by Council of Elders • 2. Council of Elders: 30 older citizens • Proposed laws to Assembly • 3. 5 Elected Officials • carried out laws passed by Assembly • 4. Two Kings • In charge of military

20. Sparta Builds A Military State Sparta’s Government and Society con’t. • Social Groups • 1. Citizens: descendants of original inhabitants • Included ruling families who owned land • 2. Noncitizens: were free, worked in commerce and industry • 3. Helots: little better than slaves, field workers or home servants

21. Sparta Builds A Military State Spartan Daily Life • 600-371BC Sparta had strongest Army • No personal expression • RESULT: didn’t value art, literature, or intellect • VALUED: duty, strength, and discipline over freedom, individuality, beauty, and learning • Men in Army till 60 years old (life centered on training)

22. Sparta Builds A Military State Spartan Daily Life Con’t. • Age 7: moved into Army barracks • Stayed until 30 • Daily Life: marching, exercising, and fighting • Only light tunics and no shoes • Slept without blankets and on hard surfaces • Little food (encourage to steal for more) • Age 30: join military • Age 60: Council of Elders

23. Sparta Builds A Military State • Spartan Daily Life Con’t 2. • Girls: • Received military training, put love for Sparta above all (even family) • “Come back with your shield or on it.” • Women: • Much freedom (run estate while husbands gone)

24. Persian Wars • Greatest danger Athens and Sparta faced was the invasion of Greece by the Persians A New Kind of Army Emerges • Shift from bronze to iron weapons made military service more affordable • PHALANX: military formation • Became the most powerful fighting force in the ancient world • Side by side, locking shields, and holding spears = moved as one.

25. Persian Wars Battle of Marathon • Persian Wars began in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia • Persians attacked Ionia • Athens sent ships of aid the Ionians (Greeks) • Persian King Darius defeated Ionians and vowed to destroy Athens (for interfering) • 490BC Persian fleets cross the Aegean Sea with 25,000 men and landed on the northeast plain of Athens called Marathon • Waiting were 10,000 Athenians in the phalanx • Persians defeated: they wore light armor and were not use to the land • Several hours later the Persians fled

26. Persian Wars Pheidippides Brings News • Fearing the Persians would retreat to Athens the leaders of the Army sent a young messenger to send word to Athens of victory • Pheidippides ran 26 miles • When he reached Athens he yelled “Nike” (Goddess of Victory) • Collapsed and died • The Athenians got to Athens in time to see the Persians getting closer and defended the city

27. Persian Wars Thermopylae and Salamis • 10 years later Xerxes (Darius’ son) assembles Army to crush Athens • Greeks were divided • 1. Fought with Athens • 2. Fought with Persians • 3. Didn’t fight – thought if Persians defeated Athens they would leave Greece • Xerxes’ army met little resistance

29. Persian Wars Thermopylae and Salamis con’t • Thermopylae • Narrow mountain pass • 7000 Greeks (300 Spartans) • Stopped Persian advance for three days • Traitor gave Xerxes the location of the secret path • Spartans held Persians while other retreated

31. Persian Wars Thermopylae and Salamis con’t 2 • Salamis • Thermistocles (Athenian leader) got Greeks to turn the war into a sea battle • Positioned boats in narrow passage called Salamis • Persian ships were to large to turn in channel and the Greeks used that to their advantage and defeated the Persians • 479 BC crushed Persians in Battle of Plataea

32. Persian Wars Thermopylae and Salamis con’t 3 • Greeks formed the Delian League: city-state alliance • Took name from island of Delos where the headquarters were located • City-states gave money and ships to belong to the League

33. Consequences of Persian Wars • New sense of confidence and freedom • Athens emerges as leaders of Delian League • 200 member states • Will become little more than provinces to Athens • Will use power over other league members • Moved headquarters from Delos to Athens • Burst of wealth in Athens will lead to its Golden Age

34. Olympics