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Mining

Mining. larkshill.org.uk. ledzep.biz. By: Taylor Burger, Tory Bauer Pisani , and Emmery Bates. Introduction. Used since pre-historic times Used for: Tools/utensils, Weapons, Ornaments/decoration, currency, structures/devices, energy, machinery, electronics, nuclear fission.

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Mining

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  1. Mining larkshill.org.uk ledzep.biz By: Taylor Burger, Tory Bauer Pisani, and Emmery Bates

  2. Introduction • Used since pre-historic times • Used for: • Tools/utensils, Weapons, Ornaments/decoration, currency, structures/devices, energy, machinery, electronics, nuclear fission. • Mining- work or business of taking minerals from the Earth • Many different types of mining hard rock, open-pit, underground coal, borehole, copper, gold, deepsea, and mountaintop removal • Small and large scale mining • 60% mining by opencast (deforestation, contamination, alteration, destruction of habitats) • http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/11/04713485/0471348511.pdf

  3. Process of Mining • Area Selection- • Choose an area able to find mineral, etc • Deposits easily, cheaply, quickly • Helpful looking at maps 2. Target Generation- • Investigate through maps, geophysics, testing surface/subsurface minerals • Methods: geophysical, geochemical, remote sensing • Resource Evaluation- • Quality/quantity of mineral achieved by drilling 4. Reserve Definition- • Converts resource to a reserve • Same as evaluation, more thorough

  4. Continued 5. Profit Planning- • Planning, evaluating economically recoverable portions. • Study, reasons build/not build • Look at: lost/gained profit for future, economical/environmental 6. Mine Construction- • Time varies for different mine i.e. hard rock, open-pit, underground coal, borehole, copper, gold, deepsea, and mountaintop removal • Mining- • Excavation of mineral 8. Ecological Rebuilding- • Reclamation to make land suitable future usage • Return as close to original • After: land becomes degraded

  5. Timeline of History • Date Event • 450,000 ... First mining (at surface),by Paleolithic humans for stone implements. • 40,000 Surface mining progresses underground, in Swaziland, Africa. • 30,000 Fired clay pots used in Czechoslovakia. • 18,000 Possible use of gold and copper in native form. • 5000 Fire setting,used by Egyptians to break rock. • 4000 Early use of fabricated metals; start of Bronze Age. • 3400 First recorded mining,of turquoise by Egyptians in Sinai. • 3000 Probable first smelting,of copper with coal by Chinese; first use of iron • implements by Egyptians. • 2000 Earliest known gold artifacts in New World,in Peru. • 1000 Steel used by Greeks. • 100 .. Thriving Roman mining industry. • 122 Coal used by Romans in present-day United Kingdom. • 1185 Edict by bishop of Trent gives rights to miners. • 1524 First recorded mining in New World,by Spaniards in Cuba. • 1550 First use of lift pump,atJoachimstal, Czechoslovakia. • 1556 First mining technical work, De Re Metallica,published in Germany by • Georgius Agricola. • 1585 Discovery of iron ore in North America,in North Carolina. • 1600s Mining commences in eastern United States (iron,coal, lead,gold ). • 1627 Explosives first used in European mines,in Hungary (possible prior use • in China). • 1646 First blast furnace installed in North America,in Massachusetts. • 1716 First school of mines established,atJoachimstal, Czechoslovakia. • 1780 Beginning of Industrial Revolution; pumps are first modern machines • used in mines. • 1800s Mining progresses in United States; gold rushes help open the West. • 1815 Sir Humphrey Davy invents miner’s safety lamp in England. • 1855 Bessemer steel process first used,in England. • 1867 Dynamite invented by Nobel,applied to mining. • 1903 Era of mechanization and mass production opens in U.S. mining with • development of first low-grade copper porphyry,in Utah; although • the first modern mine was an open pit,subsequent operations were • underground as well. • 1940 First continuous miner initiates the era of mining without explosives. • 1945 Tungsten carbide bits developed by McKenna Metals Company (now • Kennametal).

  6. Vocabulary Words mcsurplusoutlet.com • Adit • Crevice • Debris • Drift • Dump • Sluices • Tailings • Mineral • Shaft • Slurry • Landslide • Longwall mining • Open-pit mining • Tunnel mining nunukphotos.com caller.com

  7. Our Thesis • Mining creates too many negative effects on humans and the environment for it to be supported. Alternatives: • Renewable resources • Recycle

  8. Worldwide Areas Effected • Many places worldwide • South America- Guyana, Suriname, etc • Central America- National Park called Kahuzi-Biega in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). A devastated mine • South Africa and Indonesia • USA • Rainforest • Tanzania • Many others containing mines

  9. Metals/Percentages

  10. Global Mining Map http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Simplified_world_mining_map_1.png

  11. Geological Map of CT http://www.homepage.ct.metrocast.net/~rschneider/CTrocks/CtGeoMap_big.jpg

  12. http://www.infomine.com/maps/posters/americas/

  13. Connecticut contains: • Triassic Plutonic/Metamorphic • Proterzoic Plutonic/Metamorphic • Quaternary Sedimentary • Early Mesozoic • Middle Paleozoic Sedimentary • Late Proterzoic Extrusive/ Gneiss • NOT common for mining • Those are: Cenozoic Volcanic • Popular mining- Mexico, Canada, American West http://www.infomine.com/maps/posters/americas/

  14. Mining around the world commons.wikimedia.org

  15. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/world_maps/world_vulnerable96.jpghttp://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/world_maps/world_vulnerable96.jpg

  16. Leading Producers Spending on Exploration http://www.newint.org/issue299/facts.html http://www.newint.org/issue299/facts.html

  17. Other Important Graphs http://www.newint.org/issue299/facts.html http://www.newint.org/issue299/facts.html

  18. Why Are They Effected? • Deforestation • Water contamination- causing diseases i.e. Malaria • Groundwater • Surface water • Wildlife effects • Habitats • Drinking water • Means of waste removal- i.e. tailing ponds • No reclamation http://www.emr.gov.yk.ca/aam/images/mn_tailings_pond_ds.jpg

  19. Raking in the cash (1) Profitable resources include: • Coal • Petroleum • Gold • Silver • Copper • Aggregate • Limestone • Lead • Magnesium • Natural gas • Zinc • Gravel; sand Popular! http://i.treehugger.com/images/2007/5/24/coal%20chunks.jpg Expensive! http://www.open2.net/blogs/media/blogs/39197167_gold.jpg Useful! http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_grzwYLmE9Ug/SoqyfYgQETI/AAAAAAAAAD0/_Nk8l6Eet_A/s1600-h/petroleum-300x225.jpg

  20. Raking in the cash (2) • Gold:jewelry, electronics, dental, medical, awards, etc. • Silver:electronics, jewelry, coinage, water purification, etc. • Petroleum: asphalt, fertilizers, fuel, plastic products, etc. • Coal: heat buildings, paper, iron & steel production, etc. • Lead: statues & sculptures, paints, photovoltaic cells, etc. http://www.goldcoinsgain.com/blog/top-10-gold-coins-investment-questions-answered/

  21. Raking in the cash (3) In Connecticut… • Mining jobs- 3% higher than average wage • Average annual wage in 2007- $60,000 • Total earnings in CT- $70 million • $190 million worth of mineral, metal + fuel products http://ecofabulous.com/wp-content/uploads/green-dollar-sign.jpg

  22. Technologies for the Worse • Opencast mining • In-situ Leaching • Tailings ponds- cause Acid Mine Drainage • Land/River Dredging http://www.planningwithpower.org/images/photos/PicCat/CT/images/RiverDredge.jpg

  23. Acid Mine Drainage About Acid Mine Drainage Formed when pyrite exposed to air and oxidizes, releases sulfuric acid and dissolved iron Iron precipitates forms yellow, orange, or yellow sediments of streams Dissolves heavy metals, copper, lead, mercury Rate and degree mine drainage continues increased by certain bacteria Usually from abandoned coal mines or active ones Contaminates water, disrupts growth, corroding bridges (water infrastructure) http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/mining_effects_on_rainfall_drainage

  24. Technologies for the Better Green Gas’ Plan: Courtesy of -http://www.greengas.net/output/page21.asp

  25. Continued… • Testing; water • Reducing water usage • Fuel cells- benefit platinum mining • Trading carbon emissions • Combine tailings + waste rock= safe storage • Using renewable, nontoxic resources http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/certified-emission-reductions

  26. Effects on Natural Cycles (1) Water: • Acid mine drainage • Kills aquatic life -lowers pH organisms can’t reproduce -Iron Mountain Mine, CA • Dissolves toxic metals - pollutes rivers, streams + groundwater -travels long distances (Summitville Mine, CO) http://cd7.e2bn.net/e2bn/leas/c99/schools/cd7/website/images/bp-watercycle3.gif

  27. Effects on Natural Cycles (2) Soil: • Oil and gas wastes -sterilize soil & prevent veggie growth • Bad water spills -pollute soil and prevent growth -contaminate groundwater http://www.sustainabilityninja.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/potting_soil.jpg

  28. Effects on Natural Cycles (3) Carbon cycle: -mining releases methane gas -adds to global warming Rock: -waste rock disposal problems http://blogs.dickinson.edu/copenhagen/2009/09/the-debates-over-humans-did-it/ http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib//blm/ca/images/images/pa_images/aml_images/aml.Par.2955fdf3.Image.500.300.jpg

  29. Effect on Environment (1) • Appalachia region • Lake Coeur d’Alene • 1992, Summitville • 1995, Berkeley Pit, MT • 2000, Phelps Dodge Tyrone, NM • Rainforest mining -gold, copper, diamonds & precious metals -damages ecosystem -causes problems for locals http://www.discoverlife.org/co/images/parks.640.jpg

  30. Effect on Environment (2) • Small-scale miners • Mercury: toxic, highly bio-accumulative • Top predators: highest levels • Risky fish diet • 500-800 tons of gold & 800-1000 tons of mercury • Exposure of metal sulfides • EPA’s prediction http://static.open.salon.com/files/gold1231583227.jpg

  31. Effect on Local Area • Mountaintop removal -requires small number of workers -mining industry lost 10,000 jobs -destroys economy • McDowell County • Machinery pollutes area’s water source http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2260/1935818331_2641bf5e2a.jpg

  32. Specific Ways We Can Help • Reduce consumption • Use recycled materials • Environmentally friendly processes and materials • Improving environmental performance • Clean up abandoned mine sites teachnet.ie mentalfloss.com

  33. Laws to Reduce the Effects of Mining • Surface Mining and Control Act of 1977 • Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 • Energy Policy Act of 2005 • Clean Water Act of 1972 • Clean Air Act of • Mining Law of 1872 france24.com

  34. http://agmetalminer.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/China-Coal-Mining-Deaths.jpghttp://agmetalminer.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/China-Coal-Mining-Deaths.jpg

  35. http://agmetalminer.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Ave-US-Mining-Deaths.jpghttp://agmetalminer.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Ave-US-Mining-Deaths.jpg

  36. Benefits From Mining • Job Opportunities • Objects can be made from minerals and metals such as: - Copper - Iron - Gold - Titanium - Zinc - Talc - Nickel - Clay - Silver - Coal giaatech.com -Borax - Phosphate - Aluminum - Potash - Rare Earth elements myhealthguardian.com exclusivedesignjewelry.com pegasoservices.com tags-search.com philipsperfectcolors.com

  37. Uses for Mined Minerals and Metals • Copper: Electrical conductors, motors, appliances, piping • Gold: Computers, scientific instruments, face shields, windows, medical and dental equipment, jewelry • Zinc: Coatings for steel and medicines • Nickel: Stainless steel

  38. Continuation… • Silver: Electrical conductors, photography, chemical manufacturing, dental and medicine • Aluminum: Electrical conductors, ships, airplanes, doors, windows, roofing, insulating, packaging, food processing, and utensils • Iron: Steel manufacturing, magnets, medicines, biomedical research, paints, printing inks, plastics, cosmetics, dyes

  39. Continuation… • Borax: Fiberglass, high temperature glass, cleaning agents, ceramics, wood preservatives, fertilizers • Titanium: Pigments in paint & plastic manufacturing • Talc: Paper and paint manufacturing, plastic and cosmetic industry • Clay: Cement and concrete • Coal: Used in industries as basic energy

  40. Continuation.. • Phosphate: Fertilizers, chemicals, and consumer home products • Potash: Fertilizers, medicines, chemical industry • Rare Earth Metals: Petroleum refining, computers, TVs, magnetic industry, ceramics, lighting

  41. How WE are the Problem • Using harmful methods to extract desired minerals • Causing- deforestation, alteration, contamination • Dumping of waste • Releasing harmful gases • Addicted to use of metals, not trying renewable sources http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://nksandeep.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/20070511_deforestation.jpg&imgrefurl=http://nksandeep.wordpress.com/2009/03/28/deforestation/rain-forest/&usg=__r29YUGPYqe4LSsNrD5J824p2poU=&h=283&w=300&sz=78&hl=en&start=2&itbs=1&tbnid=Mx20ynFO7uMZeM:&tbnh=109&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddeforestation%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1

  42. Mining is NOT the Answer We can all make a difference

  43. Bibliography- Taylor • Why Mining Is Necessary." Mine Engineer.Com Provides Mining, Gold, Copper, Coal, Mineral, Information. Web. 28 May 2010. <http://www.mine-engineer.com/mining/mine2.htm>;. • "Glossary of Key Terms." The Newberry Library. Web. 28 May 2010. <http://www.newberry.org/K12maps/glossary/index.html>;. • "EIA Energy Kids - Coal." Energy Information Administration - EIA - Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government. Web. 28 May 2010. <http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=coal_home-basics#coal_use-basics>;. • "Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia Mining." Kids.Net.Au. Web. 28 May 2010. <http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/mi/Mining>;.

  44. Bibliography- Tory • Haley, James. Pollution. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2003. Print • Blatt, Harvey. America's Environmental Report Card: Are We Making the Grade? Cambridge, Mass.: MIT, 2005. Print. • Wright, Richard T., and Bernard J. Nebel. Environmental Science: toward a Sustainable Future. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2002. Print. • "WRM Bulletin Nº 71 - Mining / June 2003." World Rainforest Movement. Web. 03 June 2010. <http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/71/mining.html>. • Forcellini, Lindsay. InfoMine - Mining Intelligence and Technology. Web. 03 June 2010. <http://www.infomine.com>. • "Mining." U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Web. 03 June 2010. <http://www.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs004.htm>. • "Effect of Mining Activities on Wildlife." Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center. Web. 02 June 2010. <http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/terrestrial/contaminants/tcuster_5002531.html>. • "Ecological Effects of Mining." W. Fielding Rubel School of Business: Bellarmine University. Web. 02 June 2010. <http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/PPT/Ecology/ecological_effects_of_mining.htm>. • MINING - FACTS." The People, the Ideas, the Action in the Fight for Global Justice | New Internationalist. Web. 03 June 2010. <http://www.newint.org/issue299/facts.html>.

  45. Bibliography- Emmery • "Comparing Mined Resources in the United States." K-12 Science Curriculum Education Children Educational Homeschool. Web. 28 May 2010. <http://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/rc/rocks/6/rcr6_6a.html>. • "Environmental Impact of Mining in the Rainforest." Rainforests. Web. 18 May 2010. <http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0808.htm>. • "Employment." National Mining Association. Web. 25 May 2010. <http://www.nma.org/statistics/employment.asp>. • "EARTHWORKS - Mining Impacts." EARTHWORKS - Home. Web. 18 May 2010. <http://www.earthworksaction.org/EnvironmentalImpacts.cfm>. • "Silver Uses." Silver Bars, Silver Coins, Gold Coins and Bars, Palladium and Platinum Bullion Available to Buy. Web. 03 June 2010. <http://bullion.nwtmint.com/silver_uses.php>. • "Uses of Coal - World Coal Institute." Home - World Coal Institute. Web. 24 May 2010. <http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/uses-of-coal/>. • "Uses of Gold in Industry, Medicine, Computers, Electronics, Jewelry." Geology.com - Earth Science News, Maps, Dictionary, Articles, Jobs. Web. 03 June 2010. <http://geology.com/minerals/gold/uses-of-gold.shtml>. • "Uses of Lead." Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web. Web. 21 May 2010. <http://www.buzzle.com/articles/uses-of-lead.html>. • Hartman, Howard L., and Jan M. Mutmansky. Introductory Mining Engineering. Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley, 2002. Print

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