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Why do we study marine plants?

Why do we study marine plants?. A. most of the world is marine (71%) B. The biodiversity is rich in marine waters, but threatened by anthropogenic impacts: 1. eutrophication: nutrient loading from the land 2. global climate change due to increasing CO 2

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Why do we study marine plants?

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  1. Why do we study marine plants? A. most of the world is marine (71%) B. The biodiversity is rich in marine waters, but threatened by anthropogenic impacts: 1. eutrophication: nutrient loading from the land 2. global climate change due to increasing CO2 3. UV increase due to ozone depletion 4. over harvesting 5. invasive species

  2. Why else? • C. Primary producers are the base of the food chain • 1. All life depends upon carbon for biomolecule backbones. • 2. Only autotrophs (primarily photosynthesizers) can take atmospheric carbon (CO2) and fix it (turn it into complex organic molecules).

  3. How do we separate the species into taxonomic groups? 1. photosynthetic pigments a. chlorophyll type = 1o photosynthetic pigment b. Accessory pigments: phycobilin, carotenoid 2. cell covering: one or more of the following a. bacterial: peptidoglycan b. carbohydrate: cellulose c. protein d. glass: silicate frustule or plates f. CaCO3:scales or calcification e. none: naked

  4. How do we separate the species into taxonomic groups? 3. storage reserves a. glycogen b. starch c. paramylon d. lipids 4. DNA sequence relatedness

  5. Classificationof algae: Margulis & Schwartz, 1998; Graham & Wilcox, 2000. Note: Classifications Change!!!!! A. Kingdom Eubacteria (old Monera): 1. prokaryotic cell structure with no membrane bound organelles, DNA in centralized “nucleoids” 2. Photoautotrophs a. Phylum: Cyanobacteria - use light to split H2O for electrons and fix CO2 to biomolecules b. Phylum: Chlorobia (anoxygenic green sulfur bacteria) c. Phylum: Proteobacteria (purple bacteria) 1. Chromatium , the purple sulfur phototroph, use light to split H2S for electrons. 2. Rhodospirillum use H2 for electrons

  6. B. Kingdom Protista (Protoctista) 1. Description a. nucleated microorganisms and their descendants, exclusive of fungi, animals and plants b. evolved by integration of former microbial symbionts 1. mitochondria 2. plastids (chloroplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts).

  7. a. Ochrophyta(or chromophytes) 1. members a. diatoms b. chrysophyceans c. silicoflagellates d. phaeophyceans (brown algae) 2. characteristics a. size: micro to giant kelps b. pigments: chla, chlc, fucoxanthin c. food reserves: lipid, chrysolaminaran or laminaran d. flagella: 2, heteromorphic e. cell covering varied: silica, cellulose

  8. b. Rhodophyta (red algae) 1. member examples: Gracillaria, Porphyra, Agardhiella 2. characteristics a. size: micro to large branched b. pigments: chla, phycobilins, carotenoids c. food reserves: granular floridean starch d. no flagellated forms e. cell covering: walls of cellulose + sulfated polygalactans, some calcified

  9. Chlorophyta(green algae) Note: some have moved this to Plantae 1. member examples: Ulva, Enteromorpha, Codium. 2. characteristics a. size: micro to large branched b. pigments: chla, chlb, -carotene c. food reserves: starch d. cell covering: cellulose, some calcified

  10. Kingdom Plantae 1. Description a. haploid organisms (gametophytes) of complementary sexes grow from spores produced by meiosis (sporogenic meiosis) that takes place in the adult diploid (sporophyte). b. fertilization by sperm or pollen nucleus leads to diploid embryo retained by the female haploid during early development. 2. Members primarily of the phylum Anthophyta (=flowering plants) a. seagrasses (Zostera, Ruppia) b. mangroves (Rhizophora, Avicennia) c. salt marsh (Spartina) d. dune (Solidago, Ammophila)

  11. How does this differ from Dawes?

  12. Classification via binomial nomenclature (pg 5) Kingdom (-ae) Division (= Phylum) - (-phyta) Class (-phyceae) Subclass (-oideae) Order (-ales) Family (-aceae) Genus species Authority

  13. Herbarium labels: vouchering

  14. Marine Plant Environments Coastal - euphotic zone (vertical divisions) (Fig. 1-4) a. maritime - terrestrial but marine influenced b. spray - depends upon wave activity c. intertidal- between high and low 1. upper limit of species distribution - usually controlled by abiotic factors 2. lower limit- usually controlled by biotic factors such as competition, grazing (predation) d. subtidal fringe - rarely exposed e. subtidal - never exposed

  15. Benthic Classification: Fig. 1-4

  16. Marine Plant Environments 2. compensation point ? 3. planktonic => phytoplankton 4. benthic => phytobenthos 5. estuarine vs. oceanic a. What is an estuary? b. Are open oceans biotic deserts?

  17. Know whereyou are: good maps are a must!

  18. Foredune, Ponce Inlet, FL

  19. Sandy Intertidal, Sandy Hook, NJ

  20. Rocky Intertidal, Bar Harbor, ME

  21. Red Mangrove,Daytona Beach, FL

  22. Spartina Marsh with oysters,Daytona Beach, FL

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