Chapter 13: The Cold War

1. Chapter 13:The Cold War 1945 - 1960

2. Section 1:Origins of the Cold War • Hostilities between US and USSR, 1946-1990 era of tension and confrontation (the last two superpowers after World War II) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C72ISMF_D0

3. Origins: Different Ideologies

4. Yalta Conference • “Big 3”: FDR, Churchill, Stalin • Feb. 1945 “…an iron curtain has descended across the continent…” Oh, I should deliver that line in a speech! (March 5th, 1946)

5. Topics at Yalta Conference • Poland: • 2 gov’ts. fighting to control Poland • FDR and Churchill said “self-determination”/ self-sovereignty • Churchill: “This is why we went to war”…don’t let the suffering and deaths of World War II be in vain. Do not let Poland be communist.” • Compromise- Soviets dictate gov’t. type, but agree to free elections “soon”!

6. Topics, con’t. • Declaration of Liberated Europe: • “The right of all people to choose the form of gov’t. under which they will live” • Stalin not happy as it established “rules” for Eastern Europe • Committed US, UK, and USSR to free elections in countries they liberated ‘How are we feeling today?’ – a British cartoon of 1945 shows Churchill, Roosevelt (USA) and Stalin (USSR) as doctors, working together to heal the world.

8. Topics, con’t. Dividing Germany: • Divide Germany into 4 zones administered G.B, U.S, USSR, and France. • -also divide Berlin Germany’s economy to be kept weak (USSR wanted Germany to not be a threat.) • -make them pay reparations • -remove industrial power, transportation, etc.

9. USSR did not allow Poland to have free elections, etc. • Truman met with Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov • talks about Poland and elections • confrontations (another step towards Cold War) Uncle Joe Molotov Truman

10. Potsdam Conference • July ‘45 • Truman realizes key to Europe’s economic recovery is Germany’s economic health • Stalin insisted Germany pay reparations and be kept economically weak • Truman suggested USSR zone (of Germany/Berlin) be forced to pay reparations, no industry, etc.; while western zones be allowed to rebuild, etc. • Stalin didn’t like that idea, either

11. Also at Potsdam • Truman told Stalin about atomic bomb test. • Stalin realized he needed to cooperate. • Further increased tensions.

12. Iron Curtain Descends • Stalin declares that whoever physically controls an area, also politically and socially controls it. • Most Eastern Europe countries become communist and “satellite nations” • Friendly to USSR, remain communist, although perhaps not under direct control of USSR

14. Section 2:Early Cold War Years • Long telegram- Feb. 1946 • By George Kennan • Explained Soviet frame of mind • Insecurity and Communism and “long-term struggle against capitalism” • Plan: Containment of Soviet expansion • In for the long-haul • Eventually Soviet system will fall apart • Use diplomatic, economic, and military actions

15. Soviets push into Middle East (esp. Iran) to preserve control over oil • Military force caused Soviets to withdraw • Moved to Turkey; • Communists in Greece staged Civil War. • Gr. Brit. helps in Greece

16. Truman Doctrine • March 1947 • Truman goes to Congress, asks for $400 mil. to fight communist aggression in Greece and Turkey • Outlined “Truman Doctrine” (pg 1,000) • Short-term effects: • Stabilize Greece • Ease USSR demands on Turkey • Long-term effects: • Pledged that U.S will fight Communism worldwide • For the long haul, if necessary

18. Marshall Plan-European Recovery Program • Western Europe faced grave problems • Marshall Plan (by George C. Marshall) would give American aid to help rebuild economies • USSR and satellite countries refused help • Further divided East and West; showed weaknesses of Communism • $, supplies, machinery=both for industry and individuals =>Opened new markets for trade; allowed Western Europe countries to start earning own $ again • Not all in U.S liked it= “global giveaway that will bankrupt U.S”

20. Berlin Airlift • West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) founded when zones merged. • Self-determination • USSR cuts all roads, supply routes to West Berlin. • Berlin Airlift- 11 months- food, clothing, coal, chocolate. • Stalin lifted blockade.

21. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Military (mutual defense) alliance between U.S, Canada, and 10 European Countries “Come to aid of any member that is attacked.” Eventually West Germany allowed in This alliance caused the Warsaw Pact to form WARSAW PACT USSR and Eastern (satellite) nations Also “mutual defense” Albania and all “behind” the iron curtain

22. Other Alliances • U.S also joined OAS (Organization of American States) and SEATO (SE Asia Treaty Organization)

23. China • Communist Revolution finally successful In October ’49. People’s Republic of China established + USSR tested 1st atomic bomb + China and USSR sign a treaty of friendship and alliance Fear that communist revolutions would spring up all over! • We felt Japan being • 1. Democratic • 2. Economically successful would be key to stability and fighting communism in Asia • MacArthur in charge of Japan after War

24. Cultural Revolution Mao: Leader of Chinese Communist Forces Chiang Kai-shek: Leader of Chinese Nationalists, loses revolution; flees to Taiwan

25. Korean Conflict (War?) • After the war, American and USSR troops enter Korea to remove Japanese • Divided Korea at 38th parallel • Soviets in the North and U.S. in the South • Originally, talks to reunify Korea. • Broke down once Cold War in full swing. • Communist gov’t. in North • U.S. backed gov’t. in South • Both claimed control over all • Border clashes common

26. June 1950 • North Korean troops (using USSR supplies, armaments) invaded South • Driving back poorly equipped southern forces • Truman convinced UN to intervene and stop attack

27. MacArthur sends U.S troops (in Japan) over. • Cornered in “Pusan perimeter” • reinforcements come • invade behind enemy lines at Incheon • Took North Koreans by surprise! Pushed beyond 38th too close to Chinese border (green line @ top) • China threatened • Sends troops in • Pushes U.S behind 38th (line @ middle)

28. MacArthur mad, wants to expand war against China! • “Use A-bomb, blockade China’s ports, and use Chiang’s Nationalist forces!” • Truman says “No!” • MacArthur publicly criticizes Pres. Truman and is fired • Fighting continues along 38th • Armistice (cease fire only) in July 1953

30. Results of Korean Conflict: • Military buildup by United States • Need to focus on Asia, too. • Defense agreements with Asia (and Europe) • North and South Korea left in ruins • Communist China stronger than ever

31. Section 3:Cold War and American Society • A Soviet clerk defected and indicated that spies had infiltrated Canadian and U.S gov’t trying to get bomb info. September 1945 • Fear of communist subversion • => Effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government (or at least, that was our fears)

32. The Red Scare Begins… • Loyalty review program of all federal employees. • Some quit or were fired for… • -reading the wrong books • -seeing foreign films • -belonging to various groups • -traveling overseas • FBI did the screening.

33. HUAC- House Un-American Activities Committee J. Edgar Hoover- Head of FBI, held hearings -Esp. picked on film industry -Ordered wiretaps, spying on activities, reading personal mail, etc.

34. Victims--? • Alger Hiss- government official during FDR’s administration • accused of being a Communist; • found guilty of perjury • Rosenbergs- Julius and Ethel Rosenberg • members of Communist Party • found guilty of selling atomic bomb secrets. • Executed.

35. Project Venona • Cryptographers cracked soviet spy code; confirmed soviet spies in U.S • =>man hunt! • Red Scare Spreads to- • University Faculty • Unions • Churches

36. McCarthyism • Wisc. Sen. Joseph McCarthy made a statement to a women's group indicating that Communists worked in the U.S. Gov't. (Feb. 1950) • Remember The Crucible – 1953 play by Arthur Miller • pg.646-648: essay

37. McCarran Internal Security Act • Made it illegal to “Combine, conspire, or agree w/.. the estab. of a totalitarian gov't.” • Required all Comm. Party + “Communist-Front” organizations to registered w/ U.S. Attorney General and publish records; + other restrictions (no int'l travel, etc.) + in case of nat'l emergency, gov’t. can arrest and detain Communists. • Truman vetoed. • Congress overrride veto and passed it.

38. McCarthy Continues His Hunt McCarthy became Chair of Senate subcommittee on investigations • Here comes the witch hunt! • Flimsy evidence, irrational fears, bullying • Trying to find Communists in army, tv, literature • Televised hearings • People saw him; he lost power • Senate censured him in 1954. Died in 1957. Public reprimand

39. Contrasts in America • People lived in fear during postwar prosperity • Philip Wylie’s book Tomorrow! Educated the public about horrors of atomic war • Bomb shelters (fallout shelters) in public buildings, some built behind their houses • Optimism about post-war economy vs. Duck-and-cover drills

40. Section 4:Eisenhower’s Politics • Key to victory in Cold War = military might and strong economy • Show the world that free enterprise works! • Need a “New Look” in our defense policy; • Not a big military, but be prepared to use nukes • Nukes are “more bang for the buck” • Massive retaliation: use nukes if Comm. state tries to seize territory by force

41. Brinkmanship- willingness to go to brink of war to force other side to back down (NASA created in 1958-feared we were behind in scientific research) Eisenhower: “the U.S. must be prepared to use atomic weapons in all forms” Brinkmanship

42. Eisenhower uses brinkmanship 3 times: End Korean War: • “Small attacks on sm. hills” won't win/end war • Let China know we'll choose how to continue the war. • Hint @ DMZ btwn No. and So.  No clear victory, but stopped spread of communism (containment) Taiwan Crisis: • China went after Taiwan and other islands held by nationalists • Prez. hinted that attack on Taiwan would be resisted by Amer. Navy and nukes  China backed down Suez Crisis: • Controversy over a dam we were going to help Egypt with • We wanted to make sure Suez Canal did not fall into Soviet control • Brit. and Fr. invade Egypt; agitate Soviets • Escalation? We threaten nukes.  Brit. and Fr. back down, Soviet victory, more Middle Eastern countries get USSR aid.

43. Covert Ops • CIA in foreign countries (mostly in developing nations) • overthrow anti-Amer. ldrs. and replace with pro-Amer. people if providing financial aid didn't help • Covert Ops in: • Iran- ousted Mossadegh and return the pro-Amer. Shah to pwr/protect oil access (Success) • Guatemala - United Fruit Co. (Amer. Owned) in danger. • Trained pro-Amer. forces to force new ruler (Guaman) out (Success)

44. Hungary • '56 Khrushchev in pwr (USSR) • Delivered a secret speech to Soviet ldrs. • Criticizing Stalin's policies • Insisting there's more ways to build a Comm. Society • (more lax than Stalin) • US obtained a copy • Broadcast it to Eastern Europe to undermine Comm. rule. • Spurred an uprising in Hungary (Oct. '56) • Soviet tanks went into Budapest • Rebellion crushed (Unsuccessful)

45. Khrushchev reasserts Soviet power, communism • Wants Fr., Gr. Brit., U.S. to pull out of West Berlin. •  Brinkmanship again. • Khr. backed down. • Khr. came to U.S., but canceled summit in Paris after U-2 incident • U-2 spy plane shot down over USSR; Francis Gary Powers, pilot