Chapter 15 Conquests in the Americas

1. Chapter 15Conquests in the Americas

2. Objectives • Analyze the results of the first encounters between the Spanish and Native Americans. • Explain how Cortés and Pizarro gained control of the Aztec and Inca empires. • Understand the short-term and long-term effects of the Spanish conquests on Spain and on the peoples of the Americas.

3. Terms and People • conquistador – a Spanish explorer who claimed lands in the Americas for Spain in the 1500s and 1600s • immunity – resistance to disease • Hernán Cortés – conquistador who landed in Mexico in 1519 and took over the Aztec empire • Tenochtitlán– the capital of the Aztec empire • Malinche– a young Indian woman who served as translator and advisor to Cortés

4. alliance – formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another’s defense Moctezuma – the Aztec emperor who faced the Spanish invasion led by Cortés Francisco Pizarro – Spanish conquistador who arrived in Peru in 1532, defeated the Incas, and conquered much of South America for Spain civil war – a war fought between groups of people in the same nation Terms and People(continued)

5. How did a small number of Spanish conquistadors conquer huge Native American empires? Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean islands in 1492 and sparked a wave of exploration and conquest that would forever change the world. He was followed by Spanish armies that quickly defeated the Aztec and Inca empires.

6. Despite this, Columbus and his men were hostile. They claimed the land for Spain and killed any Taínos who resisted. Christopher Columbus arrived in the West Indies and met the Taíno people in 1492. The Taínos lived in small farming villages. They were friendly to the Spanish.

7. Conquistadors who arrived in the new world in Columbus’s wake followed this pattern. The deaths were a result of both force and disease. Native Americans lacked immunity to European illnesses. A cycle began in which Spanish conquerors seized Native American gold and killed vast numbers of people.

8. The Spanish had guns, cannons, and metal armor. • They also brought horses, which Native Americans had never seen. • But the biggest factor was disease. Smallpox, influenza, and measles killed up to 90 percent of the native population. A tiny force of hundreds of Spaniards conquered millions of Native Americans.

9. Hernán Cortés landed on the coast of Mexico in 1519 with 600 men. • He planned to conquer the Aztecs and headed inland to Tenochtitlán. • Aztec emperor Moctezuma heard about the Spanish before they arrived. He sent gifts in the hope they would turn back.

10. Cortés was aided by a young Indian woman named Malinche, whom the Spanish called Doña Marina. . • Malinche served as translator and advisor to Cortés. • She helped him form alliances with Native American groups who had been previously conquered by the Aztecs and hated Aztec rule.

11. Cortés continued on to Tenochtitlán. • Moctezuma welcomed the Spanish, but hostilities quickly grew. • The Spanish tried to convert the Aztecs to Christianity. • They imprisoned Moctezuma to gain control of the city and its riches.

12. Cortés retreated to plan an assault and returned to Tenochtitlán in 1521. A new force of conquistadors arrived and challenged Cortés. In the resulting struggle, the Aztecs drove the Spanish out of the city. This time, the city was captured and completely destroyed.

13. He began this quest in 1532, directly after an Inca civil war. • Atahualpa, the Inca ruler, refused to convert to Christianity. The Spanish captured and eventually killed him. Francisco Pizarro was inspired by Cortés to conquer the Inca empire in Peru.

14. Pizarro and his men overran the Inca empire and conquered much of the rest of South America for Spain. • Like Cortés, Pizarro benefited from superior weapons and diseases that killed millions of natives. • Pizarro was killed by a rival Spanish group, but his actions forever changed the continent.

16. Section 2: The Spanish and Portuguese Americas

17. Objectives • Explain how Spain ruled its empire in the Americas. • Analyze the major features of Spanish colonial society and culture. • Describe how Portugal and other European nations challenged Spanish power.

18. Terms and People • viceroy– a representative of the king who ruled in his name • encomienda– the right given to American colonists by the Spanish government to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans • Bartolomé de Las Casas– a Spanish priest who spoke out against the evils of the encomienda system and pleaded with the king to end the abuse • peon – a worker forced to labor for a landlord to pay off a debt

19. peninsular – member of the highest class in Spain’s colonies in the Americas creole– an American-born descendant of Spanish settlers in Spain’s colonies in the Americas mestizo– a person of Native American and European descent in Spain’s colonies in the Americas mulatto– a person of African and European descent in Spain’s colonies in the Americas privateer–a pirate who operated with the approval of European governments Terms and People (continued)

20. How did Spain and Portugal build colonies in the Americas? Spanish settlers and missionaries followed the conquistadors to the new empire in the Americas. They established colonies and imposed their will by force. A new culture merged European, Native American, and African elements.

21. Spain controlled a huge empire by the mid-1500s. • Spain divided its conquered lands in the Americas into four provinces. • The king appointed viceroys to rule in the provinces and established the Council of the Indies to monitor them.

22. One of Spain’s main goals in the Americas was to spread Christianity. • As a result, Church leaders shared authority with royal officials. • Missionaries baptized thousands of Native Americans and worked to turn new converts into loyal subjects of Spain. • They also built churches, taught the Spanish language, and introduced European clothingand crafts.

23. Colonists couldexport raw material only to Spain. They couldbuy only Spanish manufactured goods. Trade with other European nations was forbidden by law. Spain closely controlled trade throughout its empire.

24. Spanish planters introduced sugar cane to the West Indies. The sugar industry soon became highly profitable. Sugar plantations required a large number of workers. Under the encomienda system, the Spanish could force Native Americans to work in mines and on plantations. Disease, starvation, and brutal conditions contributed to a sharp decline in the Native American population.

26. A Spanish priest named Bartolomé de Las Casas condemned the encomienda system. • He urged the king to end mistreatment of Native Americans. • In 1542, Spain passed the New Laws of the Indies, which forbade enslavement of Native Americans. • However, many natives were still forced to become peons, or workers forced to labor to pay off debts. • Las Casas suggested that Spain fill the labor shortage by importing workers from Africa, who had needed skills and were immune to tropical diseases.

27. Millions were forced to work as slaves in the fields, in mines, and in the households of landowners. European, African, and Native American cultures eventually blended together to form a distinct culture in the Spanish colonies. The Spanish first brought Africans to the Americas in the 1530s.

28. Cultural blending changed people’s lives in the Americas. Food, religion, clothing, dance, songs, styles of building, and farming methods were all part of this exchange. A Spanish official in Mexico, his Native American wife, and their daughter.

29. In addition, the composition of the population shifted.

31. The cities were lively centers of government, commerce, and cultural expression. • Mexico City became the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world by 1550. • The University of Mexico was established by 1551. It was the first university in the Americas. Spanish settlers lived in towns and cities and established universities.

32. Portugal claimed an empire in the east part of South America. They named this land Brazil. • Portugal’s claim was based on the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. • In the 1530s, Portugal began issuing grants of land in Brazil to nobles. • In return, nobles agreed to develop the land and share profits with the crown.

33. Unlike the Spanish colonies, Brazil had no rich supplies of silver and gold. • Early settlers cut down and exported brazilwood, which was used to produce a valuable dye. • Landowners then turned to plantation agriculture and cattle ranching. • Brazil depended on forced labor, first from Native Americans and then from enslaved Africans. • In time, a Brazilian culture emerged that blended Portuguese, Native American, and African elements.

34. Other nations grew jealous of Spain and Portugal’s wealth and power in the Americas. • Smugglers traded illegally with Spanish and Portuguese colonists. • English, French, and Dutch pirates called privateers plundered treasure ships. Some operated with the approval of their governments. • European explorers continued to sail the coasts of the Americas, hunting for riches and a northwest passage to Asia.

35. Section 3: North American Colonies

36. Objectives • Explain why the colony of New France grew slowly. • Analyze the establishment and growth of the English colonies. • Understand why Europeans competed for power in North America and how their struggle affected Native Americans.

37. Terms and People • New France–French possession in present-day Canada from the 1500s to 1763 • revenue– income • Pilgrims– English Protestants who rejected the Church of England • compact – an agreement among people

38. French and Indian War – a war between France and England that erupted in 1754 in North America and ended in 1763 Treaty of Paris– the agreement that officially ended the French and Indian War as well as other fighting between France and England, and ensured British dominance in North America Terms and People(continued)

39. How did European struggles for power shape the North American continent? France and England followed Spain in settling North America. Though their hopes for gold or passage to Asia were not met, they did turn profits in their new domains. By 1700, the two nations controlled vast parts of North America. Their colonies were very different from those in Spanish America.

40. France claimed vast amounts of land in North America during the 1500s. • The nation called these claims New France. • Jacques Cartier explored the coastline in 1534 and discovered the St. Lawrence River. • French missionaries followed the explorers, attempting with little success to convert Native Americans to Christianity.

41. Despite large French land claims and wide exploration, settlement was slow. • The first permanent French settlement was not founded until 1608. • Farming was hard in the cold Canadian climate, so many settlers became fur trappers and traders.

42. He sent more settlers and soldiers to North America. However, he forbade Protestants from settling in New France. Partly as a result, the population of New France was smaller than that of the growing English colonies. Louis XIV wanted to increase revenues from New France in the 1600s.

43. England established colonies along the Atlantic seaboard in the 1600s. • The English founded their first permanent colony at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. • The settlement was organized by an English company hoping to gain wealth from the New World. • Many early settlers died of starvation. Jamestown began to thrive once the colonists started growing and exporting tobacco.

44. The Pilgrims arrived in present-day Massachusetts in 1620. • They were English Protestants who rejected the Church of England. • Seeking religious freedom, they set sail from Plymouth, England, in the Mayflower.

45. While still on their ship, the Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact. This compact,or agreement, set guidelines for governing the new colony. The Mayflower Compact was an important step toward self-government.

46. Many Pilgrims died during the early days of the Plymouth colony. Native Americans taught them to grow corn, fish, and survive the harsh winters. In time, a new wave of English Protestants arrived and founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

47. The English established additional colonies in the 1600s and 1700s, for many reasons.

48. People in New England built fishing, timber, and shipbuilding industries. • Those in the middle colonies grew grain. • Settlers in the South grew cash crops such as rice and tobaccoand developed a plantation economy. English colonists learned to create wealth by using native resources.

49. English colonists had a large degree of self-government. • This grew out of English tradition in which both Parliament and the rights of citizens tempered the power of the king. • Colonists expected the same rights as freeborn English citizens. • Each colony had its own representative assembly that advised the royal governor appointed by the king.

50. European powers in North America began to fight in the 1600s to protect their interests—and to expand them. The two main rivals were France and England. The French and Indian War erupted between them in 1754.